LMSC-D246461 Parti Parti EXPERIMENTS IN THE USE OF SYNTACTIC INFORMATION IN AUTOMATIC EXTRACTING AND INDEXING LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSODIMGMH Part I Section 1 THE SYNTACTIC ANALYZER "PHRASE" 1.1 BACKGROUND: PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS IN THE USE OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS IN AUTOMATIC INDEXING AND EXTRACTING In 1969, as a natural outgrowth of some experiments in the compilation of a "sentence dictionary" of syntactic word types, a specialized parsing program was developed. It was designed both for a further "sentence dictionary" experiment and for more generalized indexing and extracting experiments. This limited parsing program was to identify all noun phrases, verb phrases, and infinitives within a sentence, resolving all ambiguities so that a sentence could be represented by one structure, consisting of a string of noun and verb phrases, infinitives,and gerunds, connected by the part-of-speech strings of the function words. An example of the mapping of a sentence into this kind of structure is shown in Fig. 1. This parsing program i s described in the 1969 Annual Report (Ref. 1). It was used in three experiments, in extracting by a "sentence dictionary" method, and in both extracting and indexing by combining syntactic and frequency criteria in the choice of representative sentences or phrases. These experiments can only be briefly summarized here, but they are described in detail in the 1970 Annual Report (Ref. 2) and also in "Experiments in Automatic Extracting and Indexing" in Information Storage and Retrieval (Ref. 3). In the "sentence dictionary" experiment in extracting, it was postulated that a dictionary of syntactic sentence types could be constructed in which extract-worthy sentences would be distinguished from other sentences by their syntactic form. This did not turn out to be a valid conjecture, though there were indications that sentence typing might be used in a screening process in conjunction with other extracting techniques. In the second experiment in extracting, each sentence in the text was analyzed. 1-1 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N lOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Accordingly » — — — — ajective-adverb punctuation preposition noun phrase punctuation noun phrase with Jefferson » -~ — — they feel that the maintenance of 5) tx verb phrase — noun phrase (conjunction) * , J I -* -* noun phrase preposition competive free enterprise system is 3. \ J — noun phrase -* verb phrase noun phrase preposition present participle noun phrase basic requirement for continuing a. I —• -* democratic government I -* Fig. 1 Sample of Limited Parsing 1-2 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Syntactic c r i t e r i a were used to reduce the text, then frequency c r i t e r i a were used to choose words, which were in turn used in choosing the e x t r a c t s e n t e n c e s . The method used in the automatic indexing experiment was s i m i l a r , with the s a m e syntactic c r i t e r i a used to reduce the text, but with different frequency c r i t e r i a used to choose the words which defined the index p h r a s e s . Thus, in these experiments the noun p h r a s e s identiFrequency counts on the fied were extracted from the text a s potential index i t e m s . individual words of the noun p h r a s e s were then used in an algorithm to determine which noun p h r a s e s were to be chosen as index i t e m s , or which sentences were to make up an e x t r a c t . Thus, the analysis was able to provide two important contributions to the indexing s y s t e m : • • The size of the text subject to frequency counts was efficiently and effectively reduced to the concept-words in the text The index produced was one not of words but of p h r a s e s , which c a r r y more particularized meaning, e . g . , if intelligence was a high frequency word, actual p h r a s e s in the text such a s artificial intelligence laboratory were included in the automatic index T h e s e contributions a r e surely significant; it became very tempting to expand the p a r s i n g p r o g r a m in o r d e r to make it possible to apply still m o r e sophisticated syntactic c r i t e r i a within the indexing and extracting a l g o r i t h m s . At first it was planned simply to expand the p a r s i n g p r o g r a m to include the identification of prepositional, p a r t i c i p i a l , and infinitive p h r a s e s . Gradually a plan for a complete, but four level p a r s e r , was evolved and is described in the next section. 1-3 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti 1.2 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 1.2.1 Overview Most methods of syntactic a n a l y s i s , like the predictive analysis system of Oettinger and Kuno (Ref. 4), produce dozens of possible interpretations for many, if not most, English s e n t e n c e s . T h i s is not very useful for information handling. Obviously, one of the possible sentence s t r u c t u r e s must be chosen, hopefully the c o r r e c t one. Whether this is done by producing one s t r u c t u r e initially o r by eliminating anomalous s t r u c t u r e s i s unimportant, except that from the standpoint of efficiency and t i m e , the first a l t e r native s e e m s m o r e a t t r a c t i v e . Obviously, syntactic a n a l y z e r s may deliver differing amounts of information, and may e x p r e s s this information in differing ways; thus both the information to be provided and a l s o the form in which it i s to be provided a r e best dictated by the use to which the analysis is put. The syntactic analyzer to be described h e r e , called the PHRASE p a r s e r , was developed for use in indexing and extracting e x p e r i m e n t s . It was decided that it was advantageous to develop the p a r s e r in levels, with each succeeding level providing m o r e information about the sent e n c e . T h i s was because the s i m p l e r the g r a m m a r , the e a s i e r it would be to obtain an unambiguous s t r u c t u r e ; while the more sophisticated the g r a m m a r , the m o r e information would be available for use in indexing o r extracting. experimentation. By developing the g r a m m a r in levels, the most efficient level for a given purpose can be sought by At each level, only one s t r u c t u r e was to be defined for the s e n tence, and those ambiguities in which s t r u c t u r a l o r government information was insufficient for resolution w e r e to be resolved by selecting the most probable s t r u c t u r e . (Most often a speaker has intuitive knowledge of the most probable s t r u c t u r e , but s o m e t i m e s the s t r u c t u r e probabilities must be determined statistically.) A s i s t r u e with most automatic p a r s e r s , the r u l e s of the PHRASE g r a m m a r use the p a r t - o f - s p e e c h s t r i n g s of t h e words in the sentence a s their basic data, and o c casionally a l s o the words t h e m s e l v e s , because some function words contain s t r u c t u r a l information which cannot be coded a s traditional p a r t s of speech. Rather than use an 1-4 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti extensive dictionary for p a r t s of speech, with its demands in s e a r c h time and storage space, a p a r t - o f - s p e e c h algorithm was developed and p r o g r a m e d to assign p a r t s of speech to words on the b a s i s of the p a r t - o f - s p e e c h implications of the affixes and the length of the remaining kernel (Ref. 5). The p a r t s of speech of function and exception words, however, were provided by a dictionary of about 800 words, and the most costly e r r o r s in the algorithm have been eliminated by adding another exception dictionary of perhaps 200 w o r d s . The p a r t - o f - s p e e c h string so assigned is an inclusive one, designed to contain at least all the p a r t s of speech attributed to the word by the dictiona r y , but which may also contain one o r two m o r e p a r t s of speech. a l g o r i t h m . T h e r e a r e 15 p a r t s of speech assigned: Thus, the natural ambiguity of English words is compounded somewhat by use of the part-of-speech noun, a r t i c l e , adjective, v e r b , past v e r b , adverb, preposition, conjunction, pronoun, interjection, p r e s e n t participle p a s t participle, auxiliary v e r b , pronoun, and plural noun. Of c o u r s e , since a word is most often assigned m o r e than one p a r t of speech, the number of word c l a s s e s , o r p a r t - o f - s p e e c h s t r i n g s , actually used is much higher than 15. Noun-verb o r nounp l u r a l - v e r b i s a v e r y common word c l a s s , and resolving this ambiguity i s a m a j o r concern of the p a r s i n g p r o g r a m . Other common ambiguities include the adjectivea d v e r b c l a s s , the preposition-conjunction, preposition-adverb, noun-adjectiveconjunction, adverb-noun, adverb-conjunction, and past v e r b - p a s t participle c l a s s e s . Function words often have a s many as four o r five p a r t s of speech assigned to t h e m . A s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g . 2, t h e r e a r e four levels of analysis in the PHRASE s y s t e m , with each level of the analysis providing a m o r e complete description of the sentence s t r u c t u r e . The information provided by levels 1 , 2 , and 3 i s designed to be useful in its own right, and a l s o suitable for input to the analysis at the next higher level. The first level defines the simple o r basic word groups which form the building blocks of language. The second level defines how these basic groups a r e relationally linked with other words and groups to form complex word g r o u p s . The t h i r d level defines how basic o r complex word groups a r e joined by conjunctions. these levels can now be further explicated. The fourth level defines Each of how basic and complex word groups combine functionally to form c l a u s e s . 1-5 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K M E C D A G I O U P M I S S I I E S OF & S P A C E A I t C RA FT C O M P A N Y C O L O R A T I O N D I V I S I O N l O C K H l t O LMSC-D246461 Parti WORDS LEVEL 1 ANALYSIS -»- BASIC WORD CROUPS • Noun Phrases • Verb Phrases • Infinitives WORDS BASIC WORD GROUPS I J -J LEVEL 2 ANALYSIS COMPLEX WORD GROUPS • Prepositional P h r a s e s • Participial P h r a s e s • Infinitive P h r a s e s WORDS BASIC WORD GROUPS LEVEL 3 ANALYSIS JOINED PHRASES (Or Sometimes Unattached Words) COMPLEX WORD GROUPS WORDS BASIC WORD GROUPS LEVEL 4 ANALYSIS CLAUSES COMPLEX WORD GROUPS JOINED PHRASES —» Fig. 2 Four Levels of Analysis 1-6 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti 1.2,2 Summary of the Four Levels The first level of analysis defines the noun groups and the verb groups, which are the basic building blocks of the language, and also defines infinitives, for reasons which will become evident. ated a s follows: Noun phrase — NAP Verb phrase - VBP Infinitive — NF These word groups identified at level 1 will be abbrevi- The PHRASE grammar defines all these word groups by structural rules of combination, but they can be conceptually defined a s follows: NAP — a main noun, together with its immediately preceding delimiters and modifiers. VBP — a main verb, together with i t s auxiliaries and contiguous adverb modifiers. NF — an infinitive, most easily defined by its form, the word to plus the base form of a verb, to express existence or action apart from any specific actor. These three groups are defined on the first level because they are basic, because they constitute potential entries in an index, and because their definition resolves the most basic and pervading ambiguity, the noun-verb ambiguity. In English, the lines between substantives and verbs, between things and actions, are not clearly drawn by word form. The word "part," for example, can refer equally well to a portion of a whole or to the act of separating a portion from a whole. Only the context distinguishes the thing from the act, according to our custom of speech. We s e e that it i s necessary to distinguish four syntactic usages of part: as a noun (a part), as an adjective (a part interest), as a verb (he parts), as an infinitive (to part). One other more complex ambiguity must be partially dealt with at this level, for those participles which a r e in verb phrases must be distinguished from those in noun phrases. The resolution of participial ambiguity will extend also to levels 2 and 3, and sometimes to level 4 . 1-7 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A CROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I K I A F T C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H f E D LMSC-D246461 Parti The relationship between the basic word group notation and the often used binary tree representation is shown by example in Fig. 3. Note that when a basic word group consists of two words, as in NAP , NLAP ^^d V K 1 V the basic wor(i group corresponds to the lowest level bracket in the binary tree representation. Note also that a binary tree parse implicitly shows a modification structure, as in NAP.. In this system, the modification structure within a noun or verb phrase will not be established at this first level, indeed not until level 4 of the analysis. The second level of analysis defines complex word groups of three types, the p r e positional, infinitive, and participial phrases. These phrases are composed of two elements, an initial preposition, infinitive or participial, and the following phrase which acts as the object or modifier of the initial element. Such complex word groups usually act as modifiers of noun or verb groups, and infinitive and participial phrases may also substitute for noun groups. For convenience, the complex word groups will be abbreviated thus: Prepositional phrase: Infinitive phrase: Participial phrase: PRP (e.g., for my sister) NFP ( e . g . , to find my sister) PTP ( e . g . , finding my sister) (built by my sister) In these phrases, the preposition always defines the relationship between the object phrase and the word or phrase it modifies. This is sometimes true for infinitives and participles also, but because these have both substantive and verbal characteristics, they may either indicate a verbal relationship or may assume the role of a noun phrase in the sentence. At this level in the analysis, the word, if any, which the preposition, infinitive, or participle modifies is not identified, and therefore the exact nature of the relationships cannot be defined at this level. 1-8 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY i r* r » M c c rt l i U ' i l I M t. * P A C * C O M P A N Y LMSC-D246461 Parti The man * , ' noun phrase NAP, called verb phrase VBP, t o 1 1 r dog his J noun phrase NAP„ 1 We j noun phrase will describe r i J * a phrase structure grammar . ' r I i V VBP„ verb phrase NAP„ noun phrase NAP. Fig. 3 Relationship of Basic Phrases to Binary Tree Representation 1-9 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N L O C K H E E D LMSC-D24G4f,l Parti Because of the dual nature of infinitives and p a r t i c i p l e s , nesting of second-level p h r a s e s is common, a s in the p h r a s e : NAP-i trying to go PRP r' 1 to the store 1 ' 1 PTP NFP 1 J ' ' 1 ' Here to go is the object of trying, while to the s t o r e is the object or modifier of to go. The many possible functions of these second-level p h r a s e s , especially the p a r t i c i p l e s , a r e also best shown by example. In Fig. 4, the P T P recognizing in the f i r s t sentence is acting a s an object of the preposition for; in the second sentence, the participle selecting is functioning as a verbal noun, itself a subject but with an object a n s w e r s ; in the third sentence, the participle rushing modifies the word he and shows the relationship between he and the object of the participle, to get the ball. At this second level in the analysis, only the extent, type, and nesting of these p h r a s e s is d e t e r m i n e d ; the functions a r e not identified until the fourth level in the a n a l y s i s . The t h i r d level of the analysis i s concerned with identifying p h r a s e s which a r e joined in a s e r i e s to p h r a s e s of the same kind, wherein each of the joined elements is of equal i m p o r t a n c e . T h i s level h a s not yet been implemented, but t h e r e is every r e a s o n to believe it can be done with sufficient accuracy independent of the fourth level. Occasionally, however, an e r r o r may be made which will have to be c o r r e c t e d at the fourth level, where examination of a l a r g e r context can aid in distinguishing and's and o r ' s used as clause conjunctions from those used as p h r a s e conjunctions. P h r a s e s identified in level 1 a r e indicated by b r a c e s . by dotted lines and a r r o w s . Figure 5 shows the s t r u c t u r e of a simple sentence a s defined by the first t h r e e levels of a n a l y s i s . P h r a s e s identified in level 2 a r e indicated by squared b r a c k e t s . The joining of p h r a s e s identified in level 3 is shown 1-10 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti NAP VBP NAP many criteria I A ' N contains PRP PTP NAP , A question for recognizing PRP NAP its own answer PRP 2. NAP 1 • Selecting answers T ' from NAP the text PRP ' 1• VBP is NAP I • N , ™—' N the main function PTP of this program. r 3. Rushing to NFP get NFP i the ball, he failed I to " see 'the car. 1 Fig. 4 Examples of Participle Usages 1-11 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K H E E 0 A C I O U P M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I II C • A F T C O M P A N Y C O « PO « A I I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD24G461 Parti I f PRP PTP - | gi i ' 1 i NAP NAP PRP NAP i i • | t—*—N Techniques for keeping r-*—> the size of t ! 1—_ PTP * N the analysis record | PRP NAP I ! , 1 , within reasonable limits PRP I NAP for avoiding the need PRP 1 r > and • I NAP II NAP 1 I f for VBP ' < of ' N dynamic application certain transformational rules are described NAP PTP PRP VBP • = = = noun phrase participial phrase prepositional phrase verb phrase Fig. 5 Sample of Grammatical Structure After Level 3 Analysis 1-12 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Level 4, which will complete the job of analysis, will draw upon the structure provided by the other three levels, and in some cases will also draw upon semantic information. Level 1, although it identified noun and verb phrases, did not spell out the function of each word within the phrase; this must be done at level 4. Level 2, though it identified the higher level prepositional, infinitive, and participial phrases, and thus implicitly identified the function of many of the noun phrases, did not identify the function of the higher level phrases themselves. This too must be done at level 4, and those noun phrases whose function was not identified in level 2 or level 3 must now be assigned a function. In addition, the clauses must be delineated and their relationships e s tablished. As each clause is delineated, its subject, verb, and object of the verb, if any, is defined. Thus levels 1 through 3 define structural units, while level 4 defines the functions of the units, completes the structure by defining the main elements of the sentence, and also acts as a check on the ambiguity resolutions of previous levels. It is in the definition of clauses and their main parts that e r r o r s in the interpretation of preposition-conjunction (PR-CJ) ambiguities (at level 2) or phrase CJ-clause CJ ambiguities (at level 3) can now be detected and corrected. An example of a PR-CJ ambiguity will make this clearer, as is illustrated in Fig. 6. The NAP and VBP in sentence 1 of Fig. 5 a r e defined in a straightforward manner. In sentence 2, needs and processing are ambiguous, but both ambiguities are resolved in level 1, with needs being defined as a VBP, and more processing a s a NAP. In level 2 analysis, both a s an example in sentence 1 and as the sentence in sentence 2 meet the requirements of a prepositional phrase and both will be so defined. In level 4 analysis, however, the presence of needs as a VBP will indicate the need for an unattached NAP preceding it to act a s subject. Since a s i s a conjunction possibility, the PRP will be dissolved, leaving the NAP the sentence free to act as subject. If no conjunctive possibility had occurred, the program would have to assume that the ambiguity of needs had been incorrectly resolved and add it to the NAP the sentence. 1.2.3 Methods of Ambiguity Resolution at Each Level In discussing the methods by which the PHRASE parser determines structure,we can now enlarge on the previous discussion of the levels of analysis, which has already 1-13 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H H D LMSC-D24G461 Parti PRP I NAP 1. As NAP an example VBP of the 1 I PRP 1 NAP difficulty, r~ these ' •' sentences > r- —<* will do. w NAP 2. As the sentence VBP NAP r^t needs more PRP NAP *processing, NAP VBP I 1 r^r it will be stored * on r^ tape. Fig. 6 Resolution of Preposition-Conjunction Ambiguity 1-14 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti shown in a general way how the parser determines structure by taking advantage of speech customs. The actual algorithms used in the level 1 and level 2 analysis are completely documented in sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, in the form of flow diagrams. These flow diagrams have evolved from those documented in sections 3.1 and 3.2 of last year's report (Ref. 6). To aid in the interpretation of the flow diagrams, it will be helpful to discuss the methods used at each level and to give some examples to illustrate the nature and application of the parsing rules. Level 1, which defines the noun and verb phrases and the infinitives, is not only the most basic, laying the groundwork for subsequent levels, it is also probably the most complex and difficult. Level 1 deals with noun-verb and participle-verb ambiguities. Four main steps can be distinguished: (1) Elimination of some part-of-speech ambiguities (2) Identification of possible noun and verb phrases (3) Resolution of noun and verb phrase conflicts (4) Resolution of verb-participle ambiguities An initial scan through the sentence takes advantage of certain impossibilities in the juxtaposition of parts of speech to narrow down part-of-speech possibilities or functional possibilities of certain words. For example, if a participle not an auxiliary is preceded by an article or an adjective possibility which is not an adverb possibility, then it is functioning as a noun or adjective and cannot be a verb or part of verb, nor is it likely that it is followed by a verb. Similarly, an ambiguous noun-verb in the same position as described above for the participle can be identified as a noun, and its verbal possibility could be eliminated. This rule is shown in flow diagram notation in Fig. 7. 1-15 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A l l C l A F l C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N lOCKHEEO LMSC-D246461 Parti no IS THIS WORD AN ARTICLE OR ADJECTIVE BUT NOT AN ADVERB? I i yes yes IS THE FOLLOWING WORD A PARTICIPLE WHICH IS NOT AN AUXILIARY? I no SET PARTICIPLE TO A PT2, A FEATURE INDICATING IT'S A NOUN OR ADJECTIVE. IS THE FOLLOWING WORD AN AMBIGUOUS NOUN-VERB? no ELIMINATE THE VERBAL POSSIBILITY FROM THE NOUN-VERB. I yes Fig. 7 Example of Operation of Juxtaposition Rules 1-16 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D24G461 Purl I In the following sentence, all ambiguities but one could be resolved in this first step. She PN was AX VB on PR the AR demonstrating ^lA-Ff VB PT sewing NA PT machine. NA the AR zigzag NA y& stitch NA VB AJ x&vr y*r Presence of the auxiliary (AX) was eliminates the noun or adjective function (NA) from the participle (PT) demonstrating, showing that it functions as a verb (VB). Presence of the article (AR) the eliminates the verbal possibility for zigzag, showing that it functions as a noun or adjective. Presence of the article (AR)_the eliminates the verbal possibility for sewing and the combination of adjective followed by participle eliminates the verbal possibility for machine. Some may object that these combining rules may result in error, as indeed they may, but the probability is so low as to be negligible, and if an error does occur, it can probably be detected and corrected at a later stage in analysis. For example, an auxiliary may be actually followed by an adjectival participle, contrary to the combination rules, as in Those are flying saucers. In scientific literature, such a possibility is rare enough to be ignored. Note that a rule could be formulated, however, to reduce this ambiguity problem even further, because the presence of those is a key to the semantics of the sentence. One could, but would not ordinarily, answer, "They are flying saucers f! to the question, "What are those things?" or even "What are they?" On the other hand, one would have to answer the question, "What are they doing11 with they and not those as in They are flying planes (or knitting sweaters or whatever) 1-17 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K M E E D A C l O U r M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti In level 4, therefore, presence of an animate plural subject will indicate a progressive verb like are flying; presence of these or those as subject will indicate an adjectival participle as in flying saucers. In the second step of level 1, all possible noun and verb phrases are identified. Legal noun phrase strings are identified by a variety of rules which state what can be included in a phrase, what can begin or end a phrase, and what can be in a phrase under limited conditions only. After noun phrases, all possible verb phrases are identified by a similar set of rules. Possible noun phrases and verb phrases may overlap and often do, since there are always many noun-verb ambiguities in the sentence. Figure 8 shows all the possible noun and verb phrases in a sample sentence. Noun phrases are bracketed above the sentence and verb phrases below it. (Note that ''mediates 11 is included in a noun phrase because the pait-of-speech algorithm puts it in the noun plural-verb class, and "Galen" and "life" are included in verb phrases because the port-of-speech algorithm puts them in the noun-verb class.) After all noun and verb phrases are defined, resolution of noun-verb ambiguity can begin. In this step, the rules, though involved, are based largely on the concept that each clause of a declarative sentence can contain but one verb, which is preceded by a subject, although both subject and verb may consist of two or more joined elements. Another of the characteristics of English declarative sentences which is used in r e solving ambiguities is that two noun phrases cannot be contiguous unless the first is the object of a preposition, participle, or infinitive. In the resolution logic, each possible verb phrase is subjected to tests with respect to its immediate context, the availability of a noun phrase to act as its subject, presence of auxiliaries in the phrase, existence of other verb phrases in the sentence, and existence of clause or coordinating conjunctions, and so on. Each possible verb phrase is then accepted or rejected as a result of these tests, and changes are made in noun phrase boundaries to accommodate this choice. Perhaps the easiest way to illustrate the kinds of rules used is to look at a portion of the noun-verb ambiguity routine, taken from the flow diagram and shown in Fig. 9. 1-18 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti NAP i i NAP 1 mediates between I I I 1| In Galen the liver VBP NAP VBP NAP 1 1 1 1 the three major involuntary processes of life. I I I I I I VBP VBP VBP Fig. 8 Example of All Possible Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases 1-19 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I I E S t A C l O u r D I V I S I O N Of lO-CKHKO S P A C E AIPCP.AH C O M P A N Y COPPOPATION LMSC-D246461 Parti to Routine yes © to Routine no © there an unambiguous Is verb phrase in the sentence ? © to Routine yes © there another tentative i Is no verb phrase in the sentence ? © © © I i yes © yes Negate the TVBP Are both the TNAP and TVBP preceded by and, or, or nor? no Is the 1st word of the TVBP also the 1st of sentence ? i no Is the TNAP preceded by a preposition or participle ? © the TVBP yes Is also preceded by preposition or participle ? \ yes ©\ no no Is the TNAP followed by another TNAP? no yes Negate the TNAP Negate the TVBP l to© next page Fig. 9 Portion of Noun-Verb Ambiguity Logic 1-20 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti ® Scan back from the TNAP until one of the following units is found and branch accordingly. (a) Group 1 CJ (who, what, that, which) (b) Group 2 CJ (why, whether, whence, or when, where) Group 3 CJ (because, if, although, or unless) Nominative pronoun (c) Any other CJ (d) Another TVBP outside of this TNAP (e) 1st word of sentence to a, b, c, d, or e (b) (c) Negate the TNAP Is conjunction and or or ? | yes no Is CJ » followed by a TNAP * i (a) Is Group 1 word preceded by preposition or conjunction? yes _J no Negate to Routine the TNAP • 1© yes 1 n <> Negate the TNAP I Negate the TVB t 3 Is this apparently the last of a noun series, ending a series of commas Jyes Ji lyes lno TC O CM < *- — . «t v2 * L Of tu O a < X •-.. u- > _j t D o h- O o 7 ! UJ < U. ^ a: • UJ —» —« a a < a Z Q a v- < z > • -jo*> 4? T 6 Q. O < Of < Q tK *i *« at x UJ 5 0 UJ »- I z a z a a a I »r\ ot a a a a. a o CJ 1. a »- < r i UJ «rf UJ a rv •t a z »- •-i X X I uO h- *UJ UJ U. * O a. a < of 7" Q" -4 -J >-, a O L <* a z *i > *x ^a UJ ft- — z c I o o V- — u j , 6 u PH O »- X cC < H l-t U z a a UJ u. — IT 00 V IKUJI D 1 af a >r ^T I o | ! rv/> > i a or of a. a ~ * X -J i i O, I > < o a * UJ O a a o z O—z -J a z> >- < - J V - UJ z t/> i • cc • r ^ — — a a a< of a. «r a. z < UI K O uo j a a of or a. a i < i i a C5 T i z > >f OL ; > IJ < _j r _ i a. a t I a ! i > •" * ; i i Z> i *J •> i: x UJ UJ J X UJ < -T ~ > * R h- I . T »— O < > ufC. sv ^ ^^n Z Z i>« ^f^>f i - J _ J _ | - » - ) - J « J - J T . J - » - J - l - l X j - J - J - J X - J - -» «- J - J J Reproduced from best available copy. 1-30 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti the next five lines give information about the next 13 words, e t c . , for as many five-line groupings as necessary. The first line of each five-line group i s labeled WD, and it The contains the word numbers which act a s column headings for the next four lines. second line of each five-line group is labeled LI, and it shows the first-level phrase membership (noun phrase, verb phrase, or infinitive) of each word, if any, or if not, gives the codes for the parts of speech assigned to that word. The third line of each five-line group i s labeled L2, and it shows the second-level phrase membership of each word, if any; i . e . , all prepositional, participial, or infinitive phrases which have noun phrases a s objects. The fourth line of each five-line group is labeled L3, and it shows the third-level phrase membership for each word; i . e . , all prepositional, participial, or infinitive phrases which have second-level phrases as objects. phrases which have third level phrases as objects. Similarly, the fifth line, labeled L4, shows all prepositional, participial, or infinitive First level phrases are abbreviated as follows: NAP VBP NFP noun phrase verb phrase infinitive Higher level phrases are abbreviated: PRP PTP NFPP APTPP prepositional phrase participial phrase infinitive phrase ambiguous participial phrase In the first sentence in Fig. 12, to faciiitiate illustration, the word numbers have been written in above the words and lines enclose the word-number columns. notations appear to the far left. spirits. Tf The word numbers appear to the far right of the 10-character columns, while the phrase Consider words 11 through 16, "to write of the three CheckWords 11 and 12 are labeled as an infinitive on the LI line, line L2 i s blank, and line L3 shows that this infinitive i s the initial word of a third-level phrase. ing word 13 shows that the object of the infinitive is the second level prepositional 1-31 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti phrase beginning with this word. Word 13 is labeled as a preposition on the LI line, the beginning of a prepositional phrase on the L2 line, and part of an infinitive phrase on the L3 line. Words 14 through 16 are labeled a noun phrase on the LI line, part of a prepositional phrase on the L2 line, and part of an infinitive phrase on the L3 line. Thus, the structure, 11 to 12 write 13 of 14 the 15 three NAP PRP NFPP is represented as WD LI L2 L3 NFPP NFPP PRP NFPP 11 12 13 14 NAP PRP NFPP 15 NAP PRP NFPP 16 NAP PRP NFPP 16 spirits and so the phrase structure is shown graphically without actually drawing a graph. The second sentence in Fig. 12 is included because it is an especially interesting one. For one thing, it is a five-clause sentence with all five verbs correctly identified. For another, though nesting of phrases above level 3 is quite r a r e , this sentence has a construction with a fifth level of nesting, only four levels of which were identified, originally, because this was the limit of the program. This limit has been expanded to five. For another, this sentence contains one of the ambiguous participial phrases which present such an interesting and difficult problem in automatic analysis. Present participles can be considered as words which name an action by adding ing to the verb stem. They are used in four difficult capacities, and can be named a c cording to function, thus: PT1 — with the verb "to be" for a special tense, I am planning to leave tomorrow 1-32 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti PT2 — as an adjective within a noun phrase, He i s a member of the planning commission. PT3 — to act as a noun in the capacity of subject or object, Planning ahead i s a good idea. PT4 — to modify a noun or verb phrase, Planning to leave, they put down no roots. PT1 is of course part of the verb. PT3 and PT4, though not part of the verb, can take an object like a verb, and for this reason are difficult to distinguish from PT2. When a noun group follows a participle, it is sometimes difficult to tell if the noun i s an object of a PT3 or PT4 or is the word a PT2 modifies. If either the participle or the noun group are preceded by a noun identifier such as a, the, this, my, e t c . , there is no trouble. An identifier preceding the participle identifies the participle as PT2; an identifier preceding the noun group identifies the participle as a PT3 or PT4. For example: PT2 — the planning commission PT3 or PT4 - planning the party If identifiers are not used, then strings of the type NG NAP are structurally ambiguous, a s for example: PT2 — the law of falling bodies PT3 — criticism for omitting line demonstrations Since it was difficult even to predict which construction was the more common, it was decided to mark these c a s e s a s PT3, but ambiguous, and collect statistics on them. In the first 256 sentences, there were 13 ambiguous participles, four of which were actually PT2, the remaining nine being PT3. The number of the noun turns out to be a good if not infallible guide for differentiation and will be used as criteria in the algorithm unless a better one is found. Of the four PT2, only one was followed by a singular noun; of the nine PT3, only two were followed by a plural noun. Actually, the rule that if the noun is singular the participle is PT3 is more consistently true than is the rule that if it is plural the participle is PT2. For now, these participles will be 1-33 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C I O U P M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti left as ambiguous so that further studies can be made. Some PT2-PT3 ambiguities can be resolved by word government, to be discussed in the next section. In the example in Fig. 12, the 59th word is a PT3, not a PT2, so the PTP should be allowed to form as shown, and the participle removed from the NAP, to give a different prepositional phrase and a structure as follows: WD LI L2 L3 58 PR 59 NG PTP PRP PRP 60 NAP PTP PRP Although only ambiguous participial phrases were so marked by the program, this i s by no means the only difficulty that comes up so far in the PHRASE program. It is simply a particularly common and intransigent difficulty for which statistics were desired. As was noted in the introduction, the philosophy used in forming the parsing algorithm called for the selection of the one most probable structure for the sentence. Tests to date show that there are still a number of constructions for which the algorithm fails to pick the correct structure. Since the number of constructions per sentence i s quite high, the error rate will look to be low if the percentage of incorrect constructions i s considered and will look to be high if the percentage of sentences with one or more e r r o r s i s considered. for which a fix M lf Of the first 256 sentences tested, 45 sentences contain an error Some of these errors result from cannot be devised at this time. unexpected uses of punctuation or misconstruing a sentence fragment a s a sentence because it ends with a period. Some of the e r r o r s are dubious, where the traditional grammar we are trying to follow i s not too p r e c i s e . the wrong phrase. Some are very minor, a s when an adverb between two verb phrases or between a noun and verb phrase i s attached to Other e r r o r s , particularly the choice of the wrong verb phrase for Using a clause, or no verb phrase for a dependent clause, cannot be easily dismissed. a dictionary with precise part-of-speech information rather than a part-of-speech algorithm would help in some c a s e s . In other c a s e s , the level 4 analysis will point out the error, particularly in the case of a missing verb phrase, of an incorrect noun phrase boundary, or of an incorrect joining of words or phrases. It might be interesting to look at one of the e r r o r s in the present level 1 and 2 analysis which will be resolved 1-34 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti by the level 4 analysis. group. Figure 13 shows the 58th sentence in the 256 sentence test Note that words 4 and 5, gravity and Newton, are included in one noun phrase which is then included within a prepositional phrase. At the level 4 analysis, a free noun phrase will be sought preceding the verb phrase could unite (words 6 and 7), to act a s the subject for that verb. When none is found, the preceding noun phrases will be examined for noun phrases containing more than one noun, which can be broken up to yield a free noun phrase. In this case, Newton can be detached from the prepositional phrase of gravity to provide a subject for the verb. The other error in this sentence leads naturally to the discussion in Section 2 on word government tables, which encode several kinds of semantic clues, among them the transitivity of verbs. Note that word 24, all, has been called an adverb and part of the verb phrase encompassed. If encompassed had been coded a s a transitive verb only, then the level 4 analysis would look for a free noun phrase to act as its object. Finding none, it could scan for noun possibilities following the verb and will immediately find the pronoun-adverb-adjective all which can be detached from the verb phrase to form the required object noun phrase. Having spoken of error, it i s time to show the considerable capabilities of the first and second levels of the PHRASE system. Figure 14 shows a group of consecutive The sentences from text with their structure as assigned after the level 2 analysis. structure of all eight sentences is substantially correct, although a grammarian might argue with my convention of calling here and there noun phrases in constructions of the there are type, as in the last sentence. 1.3.2 Level 3 of PHRASE Formulation of an algorithm for level 3, which identifies joined words and phrases, has now been undertaken. As indicated in section 1.2, the aim of the level 3 analysis i s first to distinguish clause conjunctions from phrase or word conjunctions, and then, for all nonclause conjunctions, to identify which words or phrases are joined. In formulating the algorithm, the following approach was used. First, tentative 1-35 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H ( E D LMSOD246461 Parti z a u C? — a > 00 CD 7 I > > at 05 a o o U Z ©* 9 * a a or oc a a i * O O * or z © > o X UJ a a *- tn m • Z 3 O 0«/> -1 >• D I a ? oc o- a «* or 7 a •a w CO — • I Q. or or OL a m a S «fc »* O »» -* * -J > UJ a O a k < a z a 1 bO s* o E a z a a — i/l •- ** X O ui >• ¥- z a. m or <* a N * » 1 3 a a oo o < C L a z a a or * *• I or 9 Z a i a. > or < a s; -5 UJ *> O or *r -2 0. a 1 a a •4 u. >* 22 e> o. « oc z a 1-36 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D2464G1 Parti C *i o — D 3 «£ or Ui a a ft « u. X Ui « +- x x *- X a m 7 •«• — a a a • — X » > I a > «f « a « x or ft 4 a » c• UJ Ui »~ - J i/> Ui •-• a a o. >- «/» «/> * Of U«t X a $S a a a U. u a: i a. •r or a a 3S «!«S 3 * HUi UJ < Of -.5 X **• V- x x x ft o « or x a ft. ft a a «t or x a X X •- o at "- o < N( UJ a a •*» or x a o a. a «* or x a I of a at V » or ^at o > or O >I « a. « —X X »-tf I Cv "8 co CO CD a a u u. «« O or •-j -> or < o or of o. o. Ui -J Ui X -J — *o >< 8 fX a. a. < or X a a 3 X X O o C < CD UI < -JUJ ir> < X < X u: •- > •> i O O »Ui a a. «« o f o or or Ui o «# < >• _ j or O of »~ Ui < a co > bD X 0> 3 I I Of. CD | a or oc a a. U i t/» • >- O X 3 — & < X a ft. a. < or x a se • « a x ? 6 Of t/> Ui *> Ui X -J - 3 H> X — J, o O UJ O »/> X "> X UJ Q • X a, a < of X a a. a < or X a < • © SU« U . 4 J Ui O > O * X — I -i - r »- O ~* I M «*\ v * -i _J X «/> — >- X X * co O O - * CM *- o CL < i ac « aft. ft. a < x ft l a. at or u. -J -* 1-37 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G R O U P M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I R C R A F T C O M P A N Y C O R P O R A T I O N D I V I S I O N L O C K H E E D LMSC-D246461 Parti z u< z z -I rv* Z z a *s a a a a »~ «/» -* */-> UJ •* _ V • G UJ a* O u. a CD ft 3E » 1 K i" ft a or < z f^ *M *J z -J * z —u>> — a. u* Z Z 1 a. a Z a fM M 1 a £2 UJ o UJ CD IT a i Of ft a U a a a < or z a < «/» Uor O I K 1 C> UJ z a •4 »< O O «D z rsJ > or < a < *4 1 or ft I Q > < 4 « or z a S5 4 1 a. 41 > 1 4 w o z u < •« •- z 2 g i a. • > or cr a a 3 i*~ X «/> M o >• UJ -J at UJ 4 ft 4 a r\j f\ < oc 5* • •1 « 4 a mt «« UJ * o O a — o >- D — CD UJ » IT a CD z a> > «-4 f** i */» at oc 13 -• a < or X ft. i ft —o ^ « z e n z ui < x — »- o • UJ a < z £D > II M at a o. * o I or. a I i of or (* «/» u. -# o %A ft a *f OD o z > CD (M z a. ft > z or UJ X 12 * eb of > ft. I > ° UJ ? Q> -J I 1A » Z => 3 UJ < SJ OC ~ O ; a. a* > c u a 4 ft a. a. 4 Z ft. *f Z ft of ft cr o < o o a. O ~ UJ • - X . J - J - J - I ^ . - J - J 1-38 LOCKHEED PAUG ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti #M a I < tc 7 a z a ^ z •o > UJ o f t Z aft Z ft •^ *^ ** ot O ~ ^ Z) ft© < or ' «•» r> ft ft P- ^ X I X X ? ft i - s ^ °— * " »a Z Z * *"* U J ,*> IA * f t i a ft. . X f a t

* «M tr\ a Z i <0 "> O "^ -4-^ W O 2 2P T. i • < ut h « a. ft. a i a a i 2, w 3 z z ft- ft. a < ^r s j JL £ ul T J> r uj » "» X ; a < B I O a a x < i a * S •« UJ >f °- 2 Q r C o ~ a D o • <* •^ °t 5 J J • • UJ a * Z >o i a. oef * . a t c/> a a ft « ft.ft. Z * * UJ ^ ui — or #o at UJ«*> g 52 U < J a < s a a < 0C . a CC ULi aft. z £ a o » « * — X * laftO Q C C « U J C X > x *~ •>• «2 -* _j a < <* "r o ^ z •* -4 z a < a o. »«> <* «M a OC *NJ o z rf i ft-a I * . ao at . U J I ^ . • UJ * x a * a U. n y 5 ° I a a a 3* * a 2 -« -. o o -* S£ * ~ 2 > I • > < i* - z a l I a > a a fit > ft. < Z - S o a >• a O z X o aio a "J ; a > ^ r U j J 2 ? SfJ 5 O U J I ^ >- iS < X > a z < ; a > * u j a o t j 1-39 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L A O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S A S P A C E A I II C R A F T C O M P A N Y G R O U P D I V I S I O N O F l O C K H E E O C O R P O R A T I O N LMSOD246461 Parti conjunctive r u l e s w e r e formulated. Then a journal a r t i c l e was chosen and all sentences The r u l e s w e r e tested against these sentences Finally, these r u l e s were transformed containing conjunctives were e x t r a c t e d . and w e r e modified or augmented a s n e c e s s a r y . into a form suitable for computer coding, as i s shown in the documentation, section 3 . 4 . This m u s t be r e g a r d e d as a preliminary or working flow d i a g r a m . Before any actual coding can take place, considerably m o r e analysis i s n e c e s s a r y • • • • Already recognized deficiencies in the algorithm should be r e p a i r e d The algorithm should be hand-checked for efficacy on still m o r e text, and modified a s n e c e s s a r y The method to be used to s t o r e and to display the r e s u l t s of the level 3 analysis must be carefully planned Careful consideration must be given to the advisability of merging the level 3 and level 4 analyses One of the recognized deficiencies which should be r e p a i r e d is a failure to take cognisance of all the common conjunctive p a i r s found in English, such a s : between X and Y rather either both not X than Y X or Y X and Y X but Y Only the f i r s t two of these p a i r s , which occurred in the development text, a r e recognized by the p r e s e n t algorithm. Some of the p r o b l e m s which have come up in formulating the conjunctive r u l e s a r e of i n t e r e s t . F i r s t of all, to simplify the problem, only the b a s i c conjunctives and, o r , and but w e r e considered, together with than as a special c a s e . Others such a s a s , a s well a s , then, for, e t c . , which show a m o r e complicated conjunctive relation, 1-40 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD24G461 Part I were ignored for now. The guiding rule for the basic conjunctives is simple once perceived; the entity following the conjunction is being joined to a like entity mentioned previously in the sentence. The problem is that it is not always easy to identify either the extent of the entity following or to which of several preceding like-entities it is joined. For example, if the conjunctive is followed by a noun phrase, at least three things must be decided. (1) Is the noun phrase itself the joined entity or is it the beginning of a clause which is the real joined entity? (2) Is the noun phrase part of a whole series of joined entities, or just one of a pair? (3) Is the noun phrase being linked to a preceding object of a preposition, participle, or infinitive, or is it being linked directly to the subject or object of the clause? (Sometimes the noun phrase may actually be a part of the noun phrase immediately preceding, or may have been incorrectly labeled as a noun phrase. These additional complications will not be considered at this time). Some sentence pairs can be used to illustrate the three main problems. In each pair, although the second level structure in the near-context of the conjunctive is the same in each sentence, the third level structure is different. To show this, the entities which should be linked are underlined. Notice that in all six sentences, the conjunctive in question is both preceded and followed by a noun phrase. • Problem (1) - Does CJ begin a clause ? la lb They lived on a farm where fat cows and sheep meandered through the fields The grass there grew lush with clover and sheep meandered through the fields. • Problem (2) — Does CJ end a series ? 2a They chose the valley site for its good transportation, a climate enjoyed by most, and an adequate power supply. 1-41 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I RC RA FT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti 2b They enjoyed the site for its good view, and revelled in the clean a i r , unusual in this a r e a , and the good s o i l , • 3a P r o b l e m (3) — Does CJ link to a noun p h r a s e within a higher level p h r a s e ? The existence of organized social institutions and beliefs is evidence of such a d e g r e e of development 3b The organization of social institutions and tool making a r e evidence of such a d e g r e e of development. The p r e s e n t r u l e s will handle l a c o r r e c t l y but not l b , 2a but not 2b, and 3a but not 3b, favoring what s e e m s the most probable construction. P r o b l e m s 1 and 3 will yield to an analysis of c l a u s e s , such a s is planned for level 4 a n a l y s i s . This means that the possible merging of levels 3 and 4, a s discussed in section 1.2, r e m a i n s very much a moot question. 1-42 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D2464CJ1 Part I Section 2 ENGLISH WORD GOVERNMENT 2 . 1 NATURE OF WORD GOVERNMENT Before taking up the application of word government to resolution of ambiguity, some definitions must be given. A governing word is one which r e q u i r e s one o r m o r e of s e v e r a l constructions to complete its meaning. T h u s , believe can be completed by a noun, o r by the prepositional p h r a s e beginning with in, o r by a that clause, o r by a clause with that understood, e t c . The relationship between believe and the elements it governs can be conveniently shown in the following tabular arrangement: believe vt vt vt vi vi vt S (that) + clause what + clause in S in what + clause S/(to be)S where vt denotes a transitive v e r b , vi denotes an intransitive v e r b , S denotes a substantive, and p a r e n t h e s e s indicate that the inclusion of that o r to be is optional in that p a t t e r n . Following the Ramo-Wooldridge nomenclature (Ref. 7), the governing word i s called the p r i m a r y . The elements governed by the p r i m a r i e s (S, that + clause, in S, e t c . ) a r e called secondaries o r secondary p a t t e r n s . T h u s , the phenomenon of word government deals with two s e t s of English w o r d s , p r i m a r i e s and s e c o n d a r i e s , and the relationship between t h e m . P r i m a r i e s a r e nouns, v e r b s , adjectives, occasionally 2-1 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H f t D LMSOD246461 Parti adverbs; secondaries are usually prepositional phrases, clauses, a particular form of verb, or certain case forms of nouns. Government tables in a format similar to that given above are being compiled at the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. The tables are more than half complete, and it has been estimated that about 8000 primaries, or entries, will appear in the completed tables. Government tables are of considerable potential value in automatic language processing because they encode syntactic and semantic relationships in a convenient and concise tabular form. They are useful in the resolution of three kinds of ambiguity. (1) Syntactic ambiguity, in the usage of both primaries and secondaries (2) Semantic ambiguity of the primaries (3) Semantic ambiguity of the prepositions which occur in the secondary patterns Resolution of type (1) is possible because occurrence of a government pattern usually establishes the part of speech of the primary and of substantives in the secondary, and also establishes that the secondary does indeed modify the primary. This use of government will be discussed in the next section (2.2). Resolution of type (2) is possible because it often happens that different secondary patterns impart different meanings to the primary, in which case it is possible to distinguish the meanings of the primary by the presence of the secondary patterns. This use of government is fully discussed in Robison's Computer-Detectable Semantic Structures (Ref. 8). Resolution of type (3) is possible because occurrence of a preposition in a government pattern ties down its meaning to a specific, as the preposition in following believe (see pattern above) denotes an abstract relationship " residing in" rather than the more common spatial relationship "inside of. mentioned M This use of government is also in Ref. 8, and will be discussed in this section. Resolution of ambiguities of type (1) is possible from the tables in their original form, as illustrated by believe above. For resolution of ambiguities of type(2), a code for meaning must be added, and current government compilation includes this, as in the patterns for PEER below. (See section 3.5 for description of government table 2-2 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti format.) Thus,if PEER is unmodified or completed by "of" plus a substantive (S), it means either "an equal11 or M a nobleman, " as in M his peer, ff or M peer of the realm. M If PEER is modified by "into" plus a substantive, it means "to look closely 11 as in "I peered into the window. " If PEER i s modified by "out from" it may mean either M to look closely" or "to appear, " although the latter is most likely, since "from" i s usually omitted for meaning (5), as in "I peered out the window" but "The sun peered out from the cloud. " PEER Meanings (1) an equal (2) a nobleman (3) to make equal (4) to make a nobleman of (5) to look closely (6) to appear or appear partially Pattei rns 1,2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 n vt vt vi vi vi vi vi vi (ofS) S/with S S at S/(through S) into S/(from S)/(through S) out (from) S/(at S) above S through S out from S Resolution of ambiguities of type (3) requires,in addition,a code attached to each preposition in the secondary patterns, to indicate which of that prepositions meaningrelationships i s operative in the pattern. For example,the preposition through in the patterns for PEER above,has the meaning of "from one side or end to the other 2-3 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N .OCKMEED LMSOD246461 Parti side or end,11 out of perhaps seven other meanings, such as "by means of" or "as a result of." A meaning code should be attached to through to establish that its meaning in this context is "from one side or end to the other. !l Sometimes the use of meaning codes for prepositions will mean that extra secondary patterns must be created. For example, consider one of the government patterns for hire, which could be listed as hire vt S/(for S)/ (at S) However, for S may be used in two different ways in this pattern. (1) We hired him for farm work at three dollars an hour (2) We hired him for three dollars an hour. In (1), for indicates a relationship of purpose; in (2) it indicates a relationship of price. Suppose we use superscripts to distinguish different prepositional relations. Then for and at^ are 2 for 7 for 5 at each capable of expressing a number of relationships, among them = relationship of purpose - relationship of price = relationship of price Now the above pattern for hire can be more precisely stated by two patterns. hire vt vt S/(for 2 S)/(at 5 S) S/(for 7 S) Note that patterns which appear to be identical for two different words will be shown to be distinct Thus hire admire would become instead hire admire vt vt S/(for7S) S/(for 3 S) vt vt S/(for S) S/(for S) 2-4 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O r r H F F D M i S S i l F S & S P A C E C O M P A N Y LMSC-D246461 Parti where for would be defined for^ = relationship of cause as in We admire him for his bravery. These meaning codes for prepositions have not yet been added to the government tables being compiled at Lockheed. In fact, the prerequisite study of prepositional meanings has not yet been undertaken. There have been some studies of prepositions. Newman (Ref. 9) has examined the common prepositions beginning with Ma.lf He finds 15 meanings for the preposition aU It is not easy to discover all the usages of a preposition, or to decide how finely to draw the distinctions meaning. For at, the Webeter T s New World dictionary lists a general meaning and 12 particularized meanings. The Oxford English Dictionary admits that f \ .. at is used to denote relations of so many kinds, and some of these so remote from its primary local sense, that a classification of its uses is very difficult. meanings. Often, as is the case with at, many of a preposition's meanings are interchangeable with those of other prepositions. For example, at^ in the patterns for PEER above is roughly equivalent to toward in its major meaning n in the direction of, " and "toward" could be used in those patterns, though it usually is not. Since the meaning of the preposition is obviously so tied to the word it modifies (its primary in word government pariance), the best way to proceed would seem to be to tabulate all the possible relations which prepositions express, then tag all prepositions in secondary patterns with the appropriate relation-tag. If all possible meanings of a given preposition are desired, these could be obtained by sorting the government tables, as could the correlation of identical meanings of different prepositions. Or at least this is true for all prepositions and all meaning-relations which occur in word government; it is quite likely that there are prepositions and meaning-relationships which do not occur in the word government tables. Thus, though we must admit that Only a general outline can be g i v e n . . . . ! l They then list 38 2-5 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C » O U r M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti word government tables cannot be used to solve all problems of the semantic interpretation of prepositions, they could be used to make a very significant contribution in this very crucial area of semantic analysis. Government tables with codes for meanings, but without specific meanings, have been completed through the letter a. Tables for the letters n and o have not been previously These will be found here in published and will be found here in Appendix A. Government tables which include specific meanings have been completed for the letter j \ Appendix B. The £ table is in the format decided upon last year, as described in section 3.5. Section 3.5 documents and explains some changes in syntactic code and secondary pattern notation, including the use of parentheses to designate optional secondary patterns. It is possible that further changes in notation should be considered, for two limitations of the government tables in their present form have been noted, as follows: • Often secondary patterns are interchangeable, as they are for the primary reassurance; no effort has been made to show this. I gave reassurance to her on that point I gave reassurance on that point to the students I gave the students reassurance on that point • Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether or not a prepositional phrase used with a word is really completing the meaning or simply modifying the meaning of the primary word. This distinction may not be operationally important, however. 2-6 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY r r • « » » Eliminate PR at R8 / D o e s P 0 8 at { R7 include \ a m b i g u o u s CJ Yes Remove C J possibility at R7 } Yes, to (M\ Does POS at R8 include PR and NA? No Does POS at R8 include AX? No Does POS at R8 include P R ? lN6 to(A4) Eliminate NA at R8 < Does POS at R7 Include NO o r ED? Yes Set the function of the participle to PT1 the PR - F O R ? / y e s Does the POSatR7 P P and not VB? Yes < Is R8 - POS? \ i . e . , are we y at the 1st w o r d ? / |No ( Does POS at R7 + 3 include NAor NP? Is the preceding " \ ng word a c o m m a ? 11/ Yes Yes Set function of PP - P T 2 . (Index of P P NWORDS + 1 - R9) Set POS at R8 to CJ to(A3) tom) Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-3 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S A S P A C E co P A N Y A (, » O U P D I V I S I O N OF LOCKHEED A I K I A H f . O » P O » A H O N LMSC-D246461 Parti / ( \ Is P S at R8 AV and O AV only A> and not the word " NOP' ? No > to (A3 Does POS at R7 include V B ? No Yes ) , tT^^J l» POS at R8 V No/" *\*y~\ / PNOFAJ? r — v Is POS at R8 AV and NA? lYes Exclude any POS at R7 other than VB, PV, AX, PR Is the word any of the ff: h i s , her, my, our, their, your, whose? Yes Eliminate PV and VB at R7 C |No Does the POS at 117 Include PR? No Is the POS at R7 AV only? Is POS at R7 AV and A J only ? > lYes Exclude any POS at R8 except AV torn) < In the word "this" or "that"? Yes < "XYOS to(A3) ( ( Is POS at R7 NA + V B 7 \ / Is the word 'those" or "those" % Yes ls POS at R7 N P + VB? Yes R Yes Docs POS at R8 include (PN + AJ) or (PN + NA) or (PN + AC) or (NA 4- AJ) or ( P P + AJ)? No Dooa POS at R8 include VB + AV? No s POS at R8 include ? No r rx -•* to^An) 1 No lYes 8et POS at R8 to AV L Yes Eliminate VB at R7 \Yea _J Poos POS at R \ 7 / \ include PP? / /t\- ["No [Yes Exclude POS at R7 other than VB, PV, an PV, AX Dto Yes C > Does POS at 118 include AR or A J ? No Step R8 and R7 by 3 Reduce R9 by 1 and heck * 0 > 6h to to(A3) /~\ 7T Q to(A3) > Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-4 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Does POS at R7 Include AR "jYes Does POS at R8 Include AV or AX? |No Yes Exclude AJ from POS at R8 unless it is AJ only Does POS at R7 include PR or CJ? > |Yes Does POS at R7 Include NA or NP < I No Yes Does POS at R7 » PR only, CJ only, PR - CJ, PN CJ - AJ, PR - AV, or PR - NA? No c Does POS at R7 include NO or PP but not AX? Set function of PP or NG - PT2 d Exclude POS at R7 other than NA or NP Does POS of next word (R7 + 3) include VB and NAor NP? lYes /No Remove the VB possibility Eliminate PR and p j atR7 c r Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-5 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G I O U P M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I I C I A F T C O M P A N Y C O I P O I A 1 I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti R8? VY6B Set IU2 - 1 Load R l l from R7 to(N6) Fig, 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-6 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY i- r\ u P LMSOD246461 Parti Does POS of curront word include NAor PN? Yes Set R12 > No G R12 No to 3D "TYns Sot AJAR Step R7 by 1 and R9 by 3, to next word. la R7 l e s s than NWORDS? No Loud R l l , ond possible NAP, from R8 ^ D o e s R7 Yes ^ T R8? — T ) No Reduce R7 by 1 and R9 by 3, to previous word. Load R l l , end possible NAP, with R7 © Does POS of word preceding current include NA or NP ory PN? vE IU2 No 0? Load REGC with next a d d r e s s at which NAP Is to be stored TYes to(N4) ( include NA? I Yes toWlS Does POS Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-7 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K H E E D A (,IOUP M I S S I L E S Or & S P A C E A U C . I A M C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K M f l D LMSOD246461 Parti 8toro K8 at HFGC as beginning °f NAP and 1111 at 2 4- KEGC as ond of NAP For each word In NAP, store NAP function bit and ntore REGC, NAP address Set R7 to Rll + I and R9 to corresponding P()8 address. Step NAP address. - tolNl Does the P< )8 of the curren word Include AV? ) IYOB ( < I Yes to(N6^ Does It Include NO or PP7 \ / Is current word the 1st In sentence I No tofNlffl tfoe* Vi It Include NA 7 No TH ( Bet R12 - 1 / D o e s It Include NP?S Vrr r ' / Does function of \ preceding word ) Set R12 - 1 Load Rll from R7 JL fN5j / ( Does POS of the following word \NAorNP7 \ > / ( ( Yes lathe current word anNG which Is followed by an NO or PP? I Load R l l from R7 J toQw) Does POB of the preceding word Include AJ or AR siEZ ) LYes \ is AJA: Is AJAR* 1? ) J Yes tofNSl ( T Does POS of current \ - y e - / ? X word - NO or NA? V 1/*1 \ iNo Yes *• AJAR - , t1 or does \ o(N8) POS No the 1 V - ^word ) of current - NA7 / —IF / C \ Does POB of the preceding word include NA, PN, or NG7 toWl^ \ \ / |8etR12 - l ] I N o / Does to^N?) T D(NG) POS of the preceding word «• NA or NP 7 lYes »(NS) Does POS of the preceding word include VB or VP? Tifee ) < Does R7 - R8? lYes > |M No Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-8 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti <& Begin to define VBP. R7 (current word Index) set to 0, R9 (current word POS Index) eet to POS Set R8, begin possible VHBP, to R7, clear Rll, end possible VBP. Clear Indicators: R12 verb Indicator R13 AX indicator, R14 AX Indicator takes PP Does POS of the current word include CJ and PN? Lo N Does It include CJ? Yes No to(vi(n < ©_j 8etRll, end possible VBP, with R7 - 1 Yes \ Does It Include PR ? / No No / Is POS of next \ v e B < word VB only or ) i VAX?' / / ^ s»l Does R7 - ] "^r& (lsR13 • 0 ? ) Load REGC with address at which next VBP Is to be stored (ft 1 ( IsR12 • 07 Step R7 by 1 and R9 by 3 to next word Q_EL ( ¥*- xo(^) Is R7 less than NWORDS? Store R8 at REGC as beginning of VBP and Rll at REGC + 2 as end For each word in the VBP, store TVBP function and remove TNAP function bits. Store REGC, the krBP address, in FUNCTIO^ liable. torn) ( i s R i 3 - o? y No Yes For each word in the VBP, store TVBP function bit and store REGC, the VBP address, in FUNCTION table Step VBP address. Set R7 at Rll + 1 and R9 to corresponding POS address* to(v2) Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-9 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M l S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Fig. 15 BPKRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-10 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti la the preceding word a PPor VB but not an AX? ( Is tho curre won! a PP? Yes Does P08 of the preceding word include CJ ? No ) / Does it include AV ? \ Is R13 - 0? Yes Does the POS of the previous word include AX or AV ? Is the verb one which takes a PP, as was, has, have, etc. ? i> Does tho POS of the \to(Vl previous word include A V ? _ ""'No Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-11 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti © Search down all the POS for an AX. If found, take yes exit with R9 set to index of AX and R8 set to POS of AX. No Yes AX SetSWl - 0 Set REGD « word address AX SetR7 - index AX VBP SetR9 - index last word of AX VBP Set R15 - function address AX to(X4 No Reduce R9 by 1 and t e s t to 1st word of AXTVBP Yes No Does AX « "will" ? lYes ) I Does R9 word have a function TNAP? ± \**s< Y e s r Is the word / preceding the AX « "good"?> I Yes Set R8 to TNAP address T» Set R7 - function address of last word of TVBP Load R8 with index of 1st word of TNAP and R9 with last. Remove TVBP function R8 thru R9. I Using R9 and R7 to test endpoint, change functions of all words in phrase from TVBP to VBP I Set R8 to POS corresponding to R9 and resume AX search I to fay F i g . 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-12 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY r» f M e c r> LMSC-D246461 Parti Does the AX - must, should, would, may, can, might, cannot, shall, or did? I No / I s the AX followed \ Y to j ( by a PP, NO, or AVV-^V \ not PR? / I No c Is AX - PP? No y^u>@ Yes tofX3 Change function of AX to VBP Check all TVBP or VBP for an A J and AV either beginning or ending phrase. If it is also in a NAP, remove from NAP if at the beginning of VBP; remove from VBP if It is the last of VBP. Check VBPT for nonambiguous 1 word VBP, or those starting with an AX, preceded by the word "to." If found, set the function of "toM and VBP to NFP, store the limits of the NFP in NFPT and step the NFPADD entry. Set R7 to 1st phrase in NAPT Set R9 to index if 1st word of R7 phrase (Nl) and R8 to index of last word (N2) to(w) [C2 No Yes Does function of R8 include TVBP ? No Ki c Step R7 to next phrase in NAPT and test all phrases ¥K €> Subtract 1 from R8 and check less R9 ? > No Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-13 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Save registers 7, 8,9 in BP6SAVE Set REOC - address of conflicting NAP Set REOD » address of conflicting VBP < Is the NAP immediately preceded or followed by a VBP, TVBP, or quotation marks ? No Are both NAP and VBP Immediately preceded by the word "to"? No Call TSTVBP subroutine to determine if there Is any other VBP in the sentence. If there is an unambiguous VBP. transfer will be to (£G); if ambiguous VBP, transfer willfce to (C7) , If none to (Cffl below. ) Yes NEGATE VBP Load R7 and R8 with indexes of first and last words of VBP and remove verb function of words R7 thru R8 > © Restore registers 7, 8, 9 from BP6SAVE to(cT) NEGATE NAP Call EXTRACT subroutine to remove from NAP any words in VBP, making a new NAP or NAP's from remaining words 1 Yes/ a Does the POS of the 1st word in VBP include a NP? No ) to(c4) Is the VBP followed by an unambiguous CJ? No > ( Is the word following the CJ in a VBP or TVBP? Yes Is the word following the CJ a TNAP? No Call EXTRACT to remove from NAP any words in VBP, making new NAP if necessary Define an NFP from "to" thru the CJ and following VBP. Step NFPADD entry. Define a new NFP from "to" thru the VBP and change the function of all involved words. Step NFPADD entry. to(c4) Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-14 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Call TE8TCJ to see If NAP and VBP are preceded by "and," or ," If yea, there will be no return. Call PERIODT to see If VBP Is 1 word ff. by a period. If yes, there will be no return. < Is the VBP immediately preceded by a PR not CJ, or AR or NFP? No Search for who, what . . . family anywhere preceding the ambiguous word without a ", CJM other than and or or intervening i No Is there a VBP or TVBP anywhere preceding the NAP ? ^Yes Scan for the following 4 conditions from word following ambiguous word to the end. (1) VBP or PP. or TVBP followed by a TNAP not also a CJ (2) (group 1, 2 or 3 CJ) or (a comma followed by a group 3, 4,5 or 6 CJ) (3) end of sentence (4) left parenthesis JMfor (2) to(oj) Scan for (1) VBP, TVBP (2) CJ, dash, semicolon, left paren (3) he, she, they, we, I, you (4) beginning of sentence (5) quotation marks. Begin scan Just before NAP and go to beginning of sentence. for (2) Is the CJ, dash, etc., followed by an AR, PN, A J not PR, unambiguous NA or NP, and is the CJ not "than"? Yes Is there an unambiguous VBP following the VBP, without PV + (AR or PN), or a nominative pronoun, intervening? No for (3)(5) I for 1(1)(4) to(c3) to ^Yes C3^ G 3-15 the first word of the VBP a PR? |No to > Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y C O R P O R A T I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti { Yes Was the "who, what . . . •" word immediately preceding the VBP? Yes > I No Does the VBP end In a NP? > |No Is the "who, what word preceded by a PR? Scan from the VBP back toward the who-type word. Is there a VBP or TVBP between them? No Yes Is there an unambiguous VBP or an ambiguous (VBP-f NAP) following the VBP without a CJ intervening? No Is there an unambiguous VBP preceding the who-type word? Yes No Is there a NAP not involved in a higher phrase preceding the who-type word? Yes to(C3 No to(C8 to(C8 Is there "and" or "or" between the current and intervening VBP? Yes No to[C3 Are both the current and intervening VBP either PP or not PP Yes D Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-16 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY a LMSC-D246461 Parti Cull TKbTCJ to eou II the NA1' IUMI UW VHP are piuuoded by "UIKI" or " o r . " If yea, there will bo no return. la VI the litt word ol eonto>n.o? \ " e - to f c J J la Uio NA P uruuodod by a PR ? > I* the VBP proooJud by a P R ? ) la iho NA P urooodcKJ by out on, eomlooion or quote* 7 l a t h e NAP Immediately followed by another N A P ? j Search baok from Iho VHP until one of the following I* found (1) group, CJ (2) group I or 3 CJ or nominative PN (:») other ( J (4) a VHP o u t f i t * of thla NAP (6) lat wurtl of auntunoe (4) or (b) CMII I'KHUil* I to aaa If VHP la followed by a period U yea Utera will ba no returu 77ST (3) / l e t h T c j \ \ «',«!wwy / Yvoe |NO la the CI preoedod by a oomme? la the CJ followed by a N A P ? lYaa Call PERIOUT to aee If VHP la followed by a period. If yea there will ba no return la there a oomma 3 or 4 worda p r e oeding the CJ ? E friB) lo(cij) la the NAP Immediately preceded by (1) NKP. VBP. TVUP, PR. NO, CD, CJ. PV, or (2) beg Inning of eenlence, or (J) none of the above? ( < p) la the NAP Immediately precede*! by anotiier NAP? I Yea \ / \ > la the NAP Immedlialaly preceded by AC or P N ? T Are there other VBP poealbitltlea following thla on*, in which the conflicting NAP la not followed by a PU or preceded by a PR ? © a la the VBP Immediiiluly preceded l»y another VBP? < Count die number \ ( C 3 ) of Ute pin-net) 7 Dooa the NAP iMigln with AJ \or All? < © > jNo l)oea the NAP contain a P P or N(i which la not the iaat word v / \ \ / 0 of VBP preceding. > UltlorleaaT / • f •• t ' |Y*a |No ^ S © /lTm7 NAP more \ t h u n : i worda long? to T e a J k>(c2j r •0 .0 Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-17 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S A A G R O U f D I V I S I O N OF l O C K H f E D S P A C E AIRCIAPT C O M P A N Y COIfOIATION LMSC-D246461 a Set to scan for participles Set 1(8 to first P(J8 address Set no to r.ero for word index Does It include P P ? No Step K by 3 M and 119 by 1 for next word and teHt K9 - NWOHDS ( / t o the NO \ Y e 8 f followed by / ^ ( Is the NO only mem Yos Transfer control to NKSTPII lor the next step In the pursing process >T \ a PP7 Yes1 J I No \ Its NAP? Is the NG followed by punctuation? I No Set TEMP - 0 Is the NQ the 1st word, or Is it preceded by punctuation ? [Yes Remove NAP and PT3 function from the NG Is the PP a member both TNAP and TVBP? P7> R e d u c e REGC by 1 and R7 by 3 t o the p r e v i o u s w o r d . U>(P4) 1Y< Test at the beginning of the sentence No Set PP - PT3. Remove VBP marks from all members of the VBP. ( Is CJLOC - 0? \ * — * £ * / Does POS at R7 include PU? \ jNo tom) to0 < No ( Yes Does POS at R7 include CJ? Yes »c to Is CJLOC 0? ) Does function at REGC Include NAP or TNAP? Store REGC in CJLOC c / ( \ Does it include VBP or TVBP? Yes y*-*® to c ( Is CJLOC - 0? No Is the C J whose index is in CJLOC "and," "or" "that"? I Yes Does the VBP include a P P o r VP? y*. \ ) / N w o ^-^ »\P4) v - / to kNo Si jYes to Fig, 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-19 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C«OUP M I S S I I E S OF & S P A C E AIICHAFT C O M P A N Y C O D P O I A T I O N D I V I S I O N lOCKHfED LMSG-D246461 Parti ©. 8et Rl to the phrase address of NAP < C •© ( Yes Does NAP star* with V Y o » the 1st word 7 J~^ 1 No I . to /C\ \^J Does NAP start with a CJ7 f No .Yes Set CJLOC? with CJ Index Set 117 to POS of word preceding NAP Does the POS at R Include CJ7 7 t No / ( \ Are CJLOC \ / andCJLOC2 W — / Does it include a VBP7 both aero? / \ I No to ( P S ) ' NO / D O C S It Includes PR or NF7 &_ I No Initialize a scan from PP to end of sentence. 8ave R8, R9 in SAVE89 U>(£) Load R8, RO from 8AVE89 < ( ( Stcp R8 by 3 and R9 by 1, to the next word. Check end of sentence. ' No Does function at R9 Include VBP7 f No Does POS at R8 Include PU or CJ? f Yes No / Is CJLOC - 0 ? V ^ S f No Scan from CJLOC2 to (1) VDP or (2) 1st word of sentence (i) No (ps) to ( P8 < Docs the VBP have a PP or PV? V-^i-to (VH\ Fig. 15 BPHRAS Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-20 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D2464G1 Parti TKUT l'.l NUMIMMil INK S t o r e HI I. U K PF.R|0|>T HtHHtOI'lINK @l ""| IV . M / VJII'I . r * X '""M* l h , < NAP contain ••KMIHT VIII' INM I \ > "" I X thi*« o u r ? / < r < in the NMM- V H P X s » i M M DUN I word In lonifth ^ r "~ * | 1114 Return 1114 la the VHP f o l l o w o d X ^ by a period o r • ^~/ i|ueatlon m a r k ? J In the CI prnueded l»v * VHP? . / •if < F— l* lti«< NAP Immediately preceded hy nor, and, o r ? X ^r tY- . / f • Voa @ •" " fa the Vlll» Immediately preceded by nor, and, \. N u.© If th« ( J >v preceded hy } \i^L-X <" IYCH . / |_No la Ihe i » p « « W \ " > @ by » VHP? / [yen I No I / l>oo* Nl < VI X r.XTIM I SUHROUTINF Miorr Ml2. Mil 1(14 I f/\»rVI 0? l«'@ { No V y ^ >^ \ / X \ / I* the flret piecodlnit word with a function In.NArV l . e l Nl refer In lnd»«* of 1st wtinl o M noun phraae ami N2 to In*!** of taut word Similarly let VI and V2 Indicate ft rat and laat Indexe* of verb phraae. I)u«i Nl Viand . N 2 - V2? No F ^ H ^ ^ * ' ™* a < l . Nl L™. ^ < la Nl > V I ? ~EZ \ V e » / - V2 4 1 , N2? >= —J— Form a new NAP In V2 * 1 and new N2 N2 Store Ml2 over old N2 and If old Nl la g r e a t e r R12, store o v e r o|d Nl aa well Set the function of worda In the new NAP Memove the TNAP| function from worda In the V B P Realore H12, M i l , R14 Return R14 Set R12 to VI - 1 T-fc-«^l8 N2 J V 2 ? X ~ a J which now Nl | S t o r e HI2 over old N T ) ~ Hualorc M i l , MM Hranch R14 . 4 TSTVHP 8UDIMHTTINF i»r:'. Bit 1 2 3 4 5 6-8 Function PT4 NFPP FTP PRP APTP If present indicates Word is a PT4 participle Word starts an infinitive phrase Word starts a participial phrase Word starts a prepositional phrase Word starts an ambiguous participial phrase Unused Bytes 3 through 6 point to the addresses within other tables which store the limits of the phrases in which the word appears. Bytes 3 and 4 give the address of any noun (in NAPT) or participial phrase (in LnPH) in which the word appears. Bytes 5 and 6 give the address of any verb phrase (in VBPT), infinitive phrase (in NFPT), or prepositional phrase (in LnPH), in which the word appears. Although a word may be in many phrases, 3-24 PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY < P A r e C O M P A N Y LMSC-D246461 Pari I there is no conflict in this storage scheme because only the lowest level phrase membership of a word is recorded. Thus, a noun in a noun phrase which is also in a prepositional phrase will have only its noun phrase address given (and its verb phrase address if it is ambiguous, because a verb phrase i s also a first-level phrase). The rules for the formation of the higher level phrases are most definitively described by the flow diagram (Figs. 16 and 17), but can be stated conceptually as follows: (1) If a NAP consists of a single present participle, it is not eligible for the object of a second level phrase if it is itself the initiator of a second level phrase. (It will be eligible as the object of a third level phrase.) (2) If a NAP is preceded by a PR or NF, a second-level phrase i s defined from the PR or NF through the NAP. (3) If a NAP i s preceded by an NG and the first word of the NAP i s an AR or A J, a second-level phrase i s defined from the NG through the NAP. If the first word of the NAP i s not an AR or A J, the word preceding the NG i s examined. If it is a VBP or a past participle, the NG is incorporated into the NAP. Otherwise, a second-level phrase i s defined from the NG through the NAP. (4) If a second-level phrase is preceded by an NF, PR, or P P not in a NAP, then a third-level phrase is defined from the PR, NF, or P P through the second-level phrase (which will terminate at the end of the NAP terminating the second-level phrase). (5) If a second level phrase is preceded by a present participle, which is not a member of either a NAP or a VBP, or is in a NAP but i s not preceded by a noun or pronoun in the same NAP, then a third-level phrase is defined from the NG through the second-level phrase. If the NG i s in a NAP and does have a noun or pronoun preceding it, then the NG is first removed from its NAP and a tentative noun phrase is formed consisting of the NG only; then a third-level phrase is defined from the NG through the second-level phrase. (6) Fourth-level phrases are formed from third-level phrases exactly as thirdlevel phrases are formed from second-level phrases, as in rules (4) and (5). 3-25 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Additional second-level phrases may be tor mod from NG. There arc two reasons for this. The first is that a second-level phrase may form from an NG followed by an infinitive (NF) as well as from an NG followed by a NAP, and infinitives were not included in rules (1) through (3), All NG not already beginning a PTP are checked to see if an NF follows. If so, and if the NG is not in a NAP, or is not preceded by a NA, PN, or NP, a secondlevel PTP is formed from NG through the NF. If NG is in a NAP, but is preceded by NA, PN, or NP, it is removed from the NAP before the PTP is formed. The second way that a second level PTP may have been missed is if an NG has been included in a NAP which is really its object (e.g., He is interested in watching birds). An attempt is made to find such cases, whether clearcut or ambiguous. All NG not already beginning a PTP are examined. If the NG is preceded by a VBP, no PTP is formed. If NG is the first word in a NAP and has preceding it the first word of the sentence, punctuation, or a word in another NAP, the NG is removed from its NAP and a second-level PTP is formed from the NG through its former NAP. If the NG is the first word in a NAP and has a PR preceding it, an ambiguity is recognized. It is both left in its NAP and an APTP (ambiguous PTP) is formed from the NG through its NAP. In all other cases, no PTP is formed. 3-26 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti NESTPH Flow Diagram-Conceptual Part I - Form L2PH Phrases Transfer true noun phrases to NAPTT table Check current NAP. (Start scan with the last NAP and work toward 1st NAP in the sentence.) Is it one word only ? Yes Is this an NG which starts a previously formed L2PH phrase ? Yes there a VBP before CJ, PU, or endy k of sentence ? No ( & Step to next NAP and check finished Yes A Does It also have a conjunctive possibility? > No Yes f Form a phrase from PR or NF through NAP and record in L2PH Is the word immediately preceding this NAP a PR or NF? No C Is the word an NO? Yes Step to the next slot in L2PH Are any of the ff. true: (1) the 1st word of NAP - AR or AJ, (2) the NG is preceded neither by a PP or VBP ? Yes L NST20 Form a phrase from NG thru NAP and record in L2PH to ( N8T3 W-H Incorporate the NG into the following NAP Fig. 16 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Conceptual 3-27 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED Part n - Form L3PH and L4PH phrases r LMSG-D246461 Parti N8T .191 Check NFP for any which have failed to form NFPP. If found form an L2PH NFPP of NFP only, with aero etored aa object phaso fNSTlj Set to look for nested phrasea. Set to examine L2PH first and store new phrases in L3PH. Is the examined phrase level empty, or Is the current level higher than L5PI1? No Yes *-fN8T4W Is the word preceding the current phrase an NO, ED, PR, or NF? No mSTl^ No Yes >0 Step to next phrase at this level. Is it lero? Yes Set to examine the next higher phrase level > Is the word preceding the current phrase an NFor PR? No > 0. Yes Define an NFPP or PRP from the NF or PR through the last word of the old phrase. Set FUNCTION table accordingly and store phrase limits, etc. in the new-phrase storage -£) Step to the next slot In the new-phrase storage Fig, 16 NESTPH Flow Diagram- Conceptual (Cont.) 3-28 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY i r> r w M * % r% M I « X » « P <% s P Ar * r o M f A N V LMSC-D246461 Parti WSTloJ ( < Is it a member of a VBP? No Is the word preceding the VYeSi th curr current old-phrase on y*^V^ S ED? No j ^ 0 * The word preceding is a n \ NG. Is it a member a NAP? Yes D IStore the NAP address inRB ( Is the NG preceded by a noun or pronoun in the same NAP? Yes Remove NG from the NAP and| form a new tentative NAP of the NG only Define a PTP from the 1st word of NAP through the last word of old-phrase. Set FUNCTION table accordingly and store phrase limits Define a PTP from the NG through the last word of old-phrase. Set FUNCTION table accordingly and store phrase limits etc. in the new-phrase storage to (NST16 s the ED in a NAP or VBP? \ Yes to (NST13 No F i g . 16 NESTPH Flow D i a g r a m - Conceptual ( C o n t . ) 3-29 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Part HI - Check for NO In NAP which shouldn't be there [NST4o\ Set to scan words of sentence starting with first word No Is the current word an NG which is not already the start of a PTP or In a VBP ? Yes Step to next word In sentence and check finished Yes ) to OUTPUT Is the current word followed by a P P ? Yes Set the PP * VBP or TVBP. Put the address of the NAP In RC - / i s it In a NAP or TNAP? Yes No > Set function m PT3 ^ I s it the 1st word of N A P ? N Y e 6 — tofNST2M ( Is it the last word In \ a NA NAP? Yes Is it followed by \ N o another NAP? lYes N o m to(NST25M toWST23j Put the address of this following NAP in RD Remove NG from its NAP and form a new L2PH phrase from NG thru the phrase whose address is in RD to (NST23 F i g . 16 NESTPH Flow D i a g r a m - Conceptual ( C o n t . ) 3-30 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY .._.#v.^. . * . . • * „ * * , * M . # * • , r c * * 9 A C * C O M P A N Y LMSOD246461 Parti to Is current word also the last in NAP? No Is the word preceding the NO in a VBP or TVBP? No Remove the NO from the beginning of the NAP whose address is in RC and form a new L2PH phrase from the NO thru the NAP Is the word preceding the NG: (1) in a NAP or TNAP, (2) first word of the sentence, or (3) punctuation y^*JN8T26J to V2SWN8T23J ( Is the word preceding the NGa PR? Yes Form a new but tentative L2PH phrase (code APTP) from NO thru the phrase whose address is in RC to ^(N8T23J Is napi of NAP « 0f or is NAP preceded by another NAP or by punctuation? Yes Remove the NG and all preceding words from NAP whose address is in RC and form a new L2PH phrase from NO thru the NAP toiNST23 Fig. 16 NESTPH Flow D i a g r a m - Conceptual (Cont.) 3-31 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A CROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail Clear storage area for higher level phrases - L2PH, L3PH, L4PH LMSC-D246461 Parti Set RST to L2PH for storage of second level phases _^^ Transfer true noun phrases from NAP to NAPTT, deleting rejected tentative noun phrases Set RNP to the last of the NAPTT entries for pickup of NAP's —————— Is address in RNP lower than NAPTT address, indicating all noun phrases have been processed ? I No ' Check if first and last indexes of current NAP (RNP gives address) are identical, i . e . , one noun only ? lYes Is the POS of the noun * NG ? I Yes Is this NG the start of the last L2PH phrase ? (RST-8 gives address) to lYes NST 191 Is this NG followed by a PR or P P ? to Reduce RNP by 4 Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail 3-32 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY O M «» « tl LMSC-D246461 Parti to I NST3 Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram- Detail (Cont.) 3-33 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C I O UP M I S S I L E S OF ft S P A C E A I I C I A F I C O M P A N Y C O I P O I A T I O N D I V I S I O N lOCKHCED LMSC-D246461 N8T1 Set to scan NFPT with RNFP Parti K IN8T5 Form en infinitive phrase. Subtract 2 from 1st Index of NAP to get Index of 1st word of Infinitive. Make that an NFPP in function table. Also store the NFPP indicator in current L2PH slot Is the current N FP In an L8PH ' or followed by a possible LnPH Yee RNFP to next entry ft oheok Yes L N ^ fNSTlJ Set RE to L2P1I to Initialise for last-level phrase pickup to start there H Form an L2PH NFPP with a null (aero) object phrase. Set FUNCTION table INSTl?. to 'fNSTel Sot KLP to RE for pickup of last-level phrase Yee Set the NG the beginning of a PTP In the function table and store the PTP Indicator in current L2PH Slot Step HE to next level, to beginning of current-level phrase storage 20 Set HST to RE for storage of current-level phrase to'UWTe) Is last-level phrase storage empty, or RST higher than L5PH No ©C la the NO preceded by a P P 7 No Is the NO preceded \ No f~* by a member of a Vm to W8T: 8et RA - lat Index of current last-level phrase and RB to the POS index for word preceding this INST8 Incorporate that preceding NO Into the NAP and set Its function in the FUNCTION table < VBP7 lYes / V^ / / \ \ I s word preceding current * phrase (RB set to POS) an phn NO. ED or PR, but not aC, CJ? No Set RA to word preceding Yes 1st word of current phrase. Is this word an infinitive? No W8T12n Step RLP by 8 to the next phrase in this level to ftWT3^ N8T11) Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-34 LOCKHEED « M . O AUTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti ( [>>«« KI.P point to tero, indicating thm all phrstften thla level have been checked 7)M9 "V22^8TU) to WSTlOj . Is the word preceding current phruso an NO? ( c la It »n FD? Set RA to Index of word preceding the current phrase (a PR) and define a new phrase, a PRP, starting there. Record PRP function of the PR In the FUNCTION table. Record the PRP function of the new phrase at the 7th byte (R6T set for phrase storage) of L"PH IHSTIM Set RA - Index of word preceding current last level phrase (an ED). Is this word In a NAP or VBP? No Define a PTP starting with the ED. Set function of the NO to PTP In the FUNCTION table. Record the PTP function of the new phrase at the 7th byte (RST set to phrase storage) of LnPH >e Store the index of the first word of the new phrase at the 1st byte at RST and the index of the last word at the 3rd by to; store the Index of the nested inner phrase at the 5th byte Step RST to the next storage location for current new phrases Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-35 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION UWTUl 8et RA • index of word preceding current last level phrase (an NO). Ie this word In a NAP? Yoe Store the address of that NAP In HI) Deflno a PTP starting with the lHt word of NAP, and ending with last word of old-phrase. 8et FUNCTION table accordingly and store phrase limits 1 to LMSC-D246461 Parti |&4»/NST1QJ Is the NG (In the NAP) preceded by a noun or pronoun Yes Store the address of the NAP of the noun or pronoun Into IIA >H to N8T16 Is IIA - 111), I . e . . Is the NG In the s?imc NAP as preceding noun? Yes Hemove NG from that NAP V!2-*JN8T17J ( From a new tentative NAP consisting of the NG only, storing at address given by NAPADD. Cnartge function of the NG In the function table Stop NAPADD for storage of noun phrases Define a PTP starting with the NG. Set function of the NG to PTP in the FUNCTION table. Record the PTP function of the new phrase at the 7th byte (RST set to phrase storage) to INST16 NESTPH Detail-7 Is the NG in a VBP? Yes to INST 13 Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-96 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY i n r * M * « »* **' * » i r « r o M m * M v LMSC-D246461 Parti f ^ \ Begin last cycle of testingW8T4Mfor N G i n a NAP which \ ^ s h o u l d not be. Initialize IRA to 0 and RB to POS I for word 0. Is current word an NG ? Yes Is the NG the beginning \ of a PTP or in a VBP ? > Yes Step RA by 1 and RB by 3 to next word No / Is it in a NAP or TNAP ? Yes Put the address of the NAP in RC Set function * PT3 RA < NWORDS? No Go to OUTPUT to output results for this sentence yyi the NG the 1st word NAP? No Step RA by 1 to the next word the NG the last of NAP? y lYes Step RA to the next word Is it in a NAP? Yes Put the address of the following NAP in RD ( Is it a PP? VNo No\ D Yes Remove VBP or TVBP from the PP Restore RA to current word Remove NG from its NAP (address in RC) I Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-37 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED Part I Restore HA to Index of current word and remove the NAP function from It a 311 Set Rr to the let free storage slot inL2PH Form a new L2PH phrase from RA word through the phrase whose address Is In RD. Store phrase description at RE. 8et RA word to PTP in the FUNCTION table. Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-38 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti jSet RD «• RA-1, i . e . , lndex[ lof word preceding the NG ( Is this preceding word a VBPor TVDP? No Set RB to the POS of the word preceding the NG to a \ this preceding word NAP or TNAP? No > (NST281 to (NST28J this preceding word th 1st of the sentence ? > the No Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-39 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GHOUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I I C I A M C O M P A N Y C O * P O « A T l O N D I V I S I O N c O C K M I I D LMSC-D246461 Parti Is this preceding word punctuation ? No A Is this preceding word a PR? No to I Reset RB to POS of the NG (add 3) -^mST23\ Remove the NG from the NAP. To do so step RD by 2, to index of word ff . NG, and store at RC, index of NAP. Remove NAP function bit from NG Load RE with the address of the 1st zero (i.e., free) entry in L2PH Add a PTP phrase entry to the L2PH table at RE, storing RA as the 1st word of phrase, RC as the address of the following NAP, and the PTP code to INST33 Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - D e t a i l (Cont.) 3-40 LOCKHEED *>ALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY (NST291 Load RE with the a d d r e s s of the 1st zero ( i . e . , free) entry in L2PII Add an A P T P phrase entry to the L2PH table at RE, storing IIA as the 1st word of p h r a s e , RC as the a d d r e s s of the following NAP, and the A P T P code to denote an ambiguous participle p h r a s e to NST33 Set the word preceding p h r a s e to be an N F P P (2nd word of NFP) in the FUNCTION table. Begin definition of N F P P in the LnPH table by recording the N F P P function code at the 7th byte of the phrase storage slot (RST s e t to storage slot) to(NST16 ERRPH ]Load R14 to OUTP6 and t r a n s f e r to OUTPUT (CEAID p r o g r a m s e t to dump first) Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-41 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N IOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Does the NAP with NG start at word zero ? No Set RC with 1st word of NAP-1. Is that word in a NAP? Yes y. ) Set RD to phrase address of NAP with NG, and R4 to 1st word of phrase 1 Using R4 for the loop, remove function NAP from NG and all preceding words in the NAP, and set the first word of the NAP to that following the NG (RA+ 1) Fig. 17 NESTPH Flow Diagram-Detail (Cont.) 3-42 LOCKHEED WALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti 3 . 3 OUTPUT PROGRAM - FOR LEVEL 1 AND 2 OF PHRASE After NESTPH was added to BPHRAS to identify higher level phrases, it was necessary to add output which would allow display, checking, and use of this new information. To provide display, a printout was planned, showing lower and higher level phrases, as follows: First n lines — Line n + 2 Line n + 3 Line n + 4 Line n + 5 Line n + 6 — — — — — Sentence Column headings giving word number First-level phrase or POS of each word, under its word number Second-level phrases of words having these, under the appropriate word number Third-level phrases of words having these, under the appropriate word number Fourth-level phrases of words having these Since 10 spaces were allotted for each word, only 13 words can fit on each line, so the above 5 lines (n + 2 through n + 6) are repeated as many times as necessary to accommodate all the words in the sentence. 13 — 25, round 2 words 26 — 38, etc. 130 spaces are used. follows: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Francis Bacon, who is famous for his scientific philosophy, was 12 13 14 15 16 17 not an outstanding scientist himself. 10 11 8 9 12 5 6 [WD 3 7 1 2 4 0 L 1 NAP NAP PU NAP VBP AJ PR/AV NAP NAP NAP PU VBP VBP Round o PRP PRP PRP PRP L2 L3 L4 WD 13 14 15 16 17 1 LI NAP NAP NAP NAP PU Round 1< L2 L3 ,L4 3-43 Round 0 has words 0 — 12, round 1 words With 13 words per line and 10 spaces each, WD is put in column An example The other 2 spaces are used for labeling. 1 — 2 of line n + 2, LI in column 1 — 2 of line n + 3, L2 in line n + 4, etc. LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I $ 5 I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti (This does not show that one NAP ends at 15 and another begins at 16, but this will be a fairly rare occurrence.) The program calculates rounds as follows. The rounds start at 0. The first word of the round n is n(13). (n + 1)(13) i s subtracted from the total number of words. As long as the result is positive, 13 words are printed per line. When it is negative, the total number of words minus 13n gives the number of words to be printed. For example, if NW = 30 30 -13 17 + start at 0(13) print 13 words, 0 - 1 2 -13 4 + start at 1(13) print 13 words, 12-25 -13 9 - start at 2 (13) +13 +4 print 4 words, 26-30 To provide output suitable for further computer processing, a sentence description record was also planned, to be assembled in the buffer SENDES. As with all variablelength IOCS records, the first four bytes of a sentence description record are used for counts. The next five bytes contain the sentence description carried over from the input record (records put out by SENDIC, which assembled this information and the part-of-speech strings of the words). It includes: byte 1 — I or N indexibility code byte 2 — 3 — page number byte 4 — sentence number byte 5 — number of words in sentence NW There were then five bytes for each word in the sentence for a total of 5 NW bytes, as follows: byte 1 - 2 a phrase-type code for the word, for the lowest level phrase that the word is in. Because of nesting, it may also be in a higher level phrase, as a NAP may be included in PR P. Phrase codes are the same as in the FUNCTION table as described in section 3.2. 3-44 L O C K H K D PALO AUTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 — — — index of the first word of phrase coded above index of the last word of phrase coded above blank Following these 5-byte codes, the sentence was printed in EBCDIC, Later the blank byte 5 of the word description may be used to show the main words of the sentence skeleton, and the full parts of speech may be output prior to the sentence. Contents of the present tape output record, assembled in the SENDES buffer, is shown below. SENDES Buffer Field Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Bytes 4 1 2 1 1 5 NW _ . .. Description First half word gives the total record length in bytes, right justified, logical IOCS uses second half word I or N for indexible or nonindenible Page number in binary Sentence number in binary Number of English words, NW, in sentence right justified Word descriptions, 5 bytes to word giving lowest level phrase membership, phrase boundaries, and eventually role in phrase 6 Variable Sentence in EBCDIC Logical variable-length records are blocked into variable-length physical records. The OUTPUT routine therefore currently gives two options, by UPSI card: (1) The old output, consisting of (a) A sentence file, out on tape, with sentence ID, sentence description with simple phrases and POS interspersed (no indication of phrase length), and the sentence itself. LLESENO is used for output. is interpreted and printed by program PHRASP. Output 3-45 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G l O u r M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti (b) A file of index words, in the latest version with their page and sentence numbers, and the simple phrase of which they are part. Output, by LLEIPO, is onto disk, later sorted onto tape. (2) The new output, consisting of (a) A printout, showing each wordTs membership in simple or higher nested phrases, showing the levels of nesting. PRINT is used for output. (b) A sentence file, output by LLESENO on tape from the buffer SENDES. Each record gives sentence ID, sentence description word by word, showing each word's phrase membership (lowest level phrase), and the sentence itself. The OUTPUT program is described by the flow diagrams in Figs. 18 and 19. 3-46 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti lolOUTPl Test for typo of oul|>ul (ION!red N(>v Store BoiiUiiuo uddruns und length -1 in SENADD und SKNLt'N \ Print sentence Put sentence ID in SENDES. Set HG to next byte. Set HA - NWOUDS, Hit - 0, for round 0 f BPIIAj Print won! no. column lieadliiKH (or HA 4 13 words starting ul Hit + 13. Set HB HB - HA + 13. Hulilrucl 13 from HA. Is the romuindcr negative? ) Print word no. column hcudings for 13 words Blurting ul Hit + 13. Set HB - 13. Put LI in the print butler ul col 1; set HO to col U Set HK to index of 1st word this round I (BPHm Does HE point to NAP, VBP, or NFP? Yes to BPH a ] Move uppropriute EBCDIC code into prinl buffer at HD and put* the appropriate bit code into SENDES at KG. Store 1st and lust Indexes of phruse at KG + 1 and 2. fePHin Step HD by 10 to next word's position in the print buffer. Step HG by 4 to next position in SENDES buffer. Step HE (word index) by 1. Fig. 18 OUTPUT Skeleton Flow Diagram 3-47 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H l l O LMSC-D246461 Parti }>ut l>()6 Index of 11F won! Into KC Branch to INTERP; store EBCDIC codoa of the P08 Into print buffer at RD fapHitt — m f Dooe RE point to PRP, PTP, NFPP or APTP? ) Yes 8tore appropriate bit code for phrase Into 8EHDE8 at 110. 8tore. 1st and last indexes of phraqo at 110 4-1 and 2. tolBPHllJ EXTjl Print contonta of the print buffer Compute and store RR * 13 In Kill a Set RC - 2 and RF Initiall»o at level 2 L2PH to Clear the print buffer and store L In column 1 and level (In RC) In column 2 Is there an entry In p h r a s e \ Y e e \ t a b l e at address given by RF? / tlven No Print contents of the print buffer and step RC to next level. If RC - 3 or 4, set RF to L3PH or MPH, respectively. RC >4 Is RA > 07 No Step RR by 1 to next RC - 3 or 4 ( „'0 Fig. 18 OUTPUT Skeleton Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-48 LOCKMEE© PAL© ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Move sentence into SENDES at RG, calculate record length and store in 1st halfword of SENDES. Write SENDES buffer on tape. Reset USING register for OUTP6 and branch there to check for continuation to next sentence i Load RB with index of 1st word of phrase Load RD from RR13 Stop RF by 8 to next entry In this phrase table K Yes ( b RB within this round between RD and RD + 13 JYes I I 3? ^/*n to BPH23 Compute the correct column for this word. Move the EBCDIC code for this phrase into this column Step RB by 1 to next word and test if at end of phrase I No Fig. 18 OUTPUT Skeleton Flow Diagram (Cont.) 3-49 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A CROUP M I S S I I E S Of & S P A C E A I R C I A I I C O M P A N Y C. O R P O R A t l O N D I V I S I O N I Q (. K H E E D LMSOD246461 Parti Set up using registers for program and for common to IOUTP1 (old output routine) UPSI test for type of output desired. Is it the newer type, with printout showing nested phrases and SENDES binary output with word by word phrase information? Open PRINT and LLESENO output files I Yes Skip to now page I Compute sentence address and length-1 and store in SENADD and SENLEN, respectively Print sentence Clear sentence buffer SENDES Move the sentence ID bytes to SENDES for this record, bytes 6 - 9 . Set RG to next byte. i F i g . 19 O U T P U T F l o w D i a g r a m - Detail 3-50 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Sot RA to numl>or of words and HH to 0 for round 0, 1st 13 words rnpim Set UC and KB to KA+ 13. Branch to COLPIt to print the remaining word number column heading. mi'llAJ ( Si Subs tract 13 from RA. the remainder negative D Load RB and RC "with 13".] Branch to COLPR to print the word number column headings for 13 words (controlled by RC).| First column heading will be RR x 13; the last (RR y 13) + 12. IBPIIBJ —4 Clear the PRINT buffer Put LI In the PRINT buffer, columns 1 and 2 Set RD to column 6 In Print buffer and store RD In PRNTPO (BPII2M Set RE to RR x 13, word # of 1st word this round d Yes Does RE point VBP or TVBP No tomPH4j > Does RE print to \ Y e s NAP or TNAP / Does RE also point to APTP and POS to NG? No > I Yes Set to move "ANAP' rather than "NAP' into buffer 8et RF - address of the NAP Move "NAP 1 into print buffer at RD and put the NAP designation into SENDES at RG to fBPHlOJ Fig. 19 OUTPUT Flow D i a g r a m - D e t a i l (Cont.) 3-51 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A CROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti PH2fl Move "VBP* Into print buffer at RD and put the VBP designation into SENPESAt BQ Lai Set RF •* address of the VBP BPH4 Does RE print to NFP? ( No Q. Move11 NFP1 into print buffer at RD and put the NFP designation into SENDES at RQ Put P06 Index of the RE word In RC Set RF - address of > ? VBP, Branch to INTERP to store the mnemonic codes for the P06 of current word (RC). Will store Into print buffer at RD and then step RD to next available byte. to ©PHI to IBPH8 C Does RE print to PRP? Yes Put the PRP designation Into SENDES St RQ Does RE print to PTP? > — < Yes Put the PTP designation Into SENDES at RQ Set RF - address of the PTP 3 Set RF « address of the PRP to CBPH1 to (BPHl Fig. 19 OUTPUT Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-52 LOCKHEED PKLO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti (IIPIM] / Doos RF point to NFPP? \ tYee Put the NFPP dcatRnation into SENDES at KG +~ to ( BPII9 J Set HF - address of the NFPP fBPI!9J Does RE print to APTP? V No A Yes Put the APTP designation into SENDES at RQ / 8ot RF - address or the APTP (BPHIOJ Store the 1st index of the RF phrase at RG + 1, the 2nd at RG + 2 (BPHIIJ Load RD from PRNTPO and step by 10 to next wordb position In the print buffer. Store back in PRNTPO. Stop RG by 4 to next words position in the SENDES buffer. Step RE by 1 to next word index < Reduce RB by 1 and check reduced to 0 V »» to f BPH12J Yes Fig, 19 OUTPUT Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-53 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N lOCKHtEO LMSC-D246461 Parti Print content* of the print buffer Compute RRx 13 and Htore In RIU3 Set RC - 2 and HF - L2PH to initial I «e at level 2 fni>!l14j Clear the print buffer Put h Into column 1, of print buffer and contonts of UC into column 2. (MuRt convert to decimal.) there an entry in V rase table at \ dress address given by R F ? / Print contents of the print buffer C Step RC to next \ level and teat - 3 / I I I No Yes] Set RF to I MPI! < / I (BPH15 No ~ \ la RC - 4? \ Yea Set RF to - • L3PII I No \ TestRA>0 \ Ye. 8tep RR by 1 - * * to the next round i No Have processed all words. Move sentence into 3ENDES at RO to ( BPHAJ Fig. 19 OUTPUT Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-54 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Calculate complete reword length nnad III) from KHI.'I npll22l / is un < HD? V - ^ — • - mpii2nj TNO Add 13 to ItU Step RF by 8, to the next entry in the LnPU table Yes - / Is KB > HD?y 1 No, nil la within this round Compute the correct column for this word. | UB - (RH • 13)J 10 + REGIO gives storage address in print buffer, stored in RE. Test for the kind of phrase begun by this word and move the EBCDIC code for it into buffer, at RE Step RB by 1 to next word and check if at end of phrase { Yes Tr" to (BPIIISJ to (DPI 122 J Fig. 19 OUTPUT Flow Diagram - Detail (Cont.) 3-55 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti COLPR Subroutine ~ RC muRl contain the # of column headings desired and RR must give the "round." The "round" x 13 gives the 1st column heading Clear the print butler Reload RC from storage Set RD - 2 -f current print buffer Move "WD* into columns 1+2 Store registers C, D$ E, and F and 14 Move the editing pattern into TEMP Set RD - current print buffer RF - RR x 13 Edit 4 columns at 6 + RD into 8 bytes at TEMP replacin^the pattern Convert contents of RF to packed decimal and store in TEMP. Move to col 5 -12 of print buffer Move blanks into 4 columns at 6 + RD . / 1 ^ * ~ a k»;„* IteOUCe nvs ujr x m i u w o i -. A •• u YeB Move the 8 bytes of TEMP into the print buffer at RD TNCT" Step RD by 10 Add 1 to TEMP and transfer 1 to print buffer at RD • 14 / 1 1 Step RD by 10 No. Reduce RC by 1 and check Yes Print the print buffer 77) Restore the registers and return Fig, 19 OUTPUT Flow Diagram-Detail (Cont.) 3-56 I o C K H F i r n PAI O ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti 3.4 CJPHAS FLOW DIAGRAM- A PRELIMINARY OR WORKING DRAFT FOR LEVEL 3 OF PHRASE Use RS for main scan index Search for a CJ *• and, or, but, or than, until ond of sentence CJ found Set IIF to index of the word following CI, unless CJ=but and next word not, In which case set to word following not Set HP to Index of word preceding CJ, unless C.I = than and preceding word = AJ, in which case set RP to word preceding AJ, If RF points to comma, scan right to next comma and set RF to word following that comma ( yes Does RP point to a comma? yes > Is there a verb between RF and end of sentence, without a" , CJM intervening? Does RP point to a \ semicolon, dash colon ? !7 yes Is there a comma preceding, -no more than 2 phrases away? yes Join RF to word following that comma Reset RF to word following that comma In thorc a free NAP preceding? Is there another colon or semicolon preceding ? lves > \ / Join RF to word following that colon or semi-colon, provided both have the same function, NAP, VBP, or higher love! phrase yes / Join RF to \ free NAP 3-57 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Does RP point to any other PU? ) — Set RP to RP-1 w yes Does RF point aVBP? I no •<§>-«( a NAP? Does RF point Is the CJ and? i yes > lyes Scan back starting at RP for a NFP or VBP. Join to the first one found If none, mark sentence for revision need 2 i no the CJ*than? > Scan back from RP thru 3 phrases looking for the PR "between." If found link RF to NAP following "between11 found yes Scan back from RP thru 3 phrases looking for the AV "rather." If found link RF to NAP following rather 3-58 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Is the NAP at RF immediately followed by a VBP, not a PP? [yes @ ^ ( 3 RP preceded by VBP (anywhere)? Is the NAP at RF followed by a PRP, PTP, or NFPP? Is it ff by "that11 with a VBP somewhere following? I no Scan back from RP to the 1st NAP or free A J and join to RF Scan back from RP \ to the 1st free NAP \ (i.e., one not in high\ level phrase) provided ) that a VBP, PU, or / 3 high level phrases / don't intervene / not found found free NAP If the reason for failure was an Join RF to intervening VBP, free NAP is C J - than found Continue search from VBP for free NAP yes i yes no jiot found 3-59 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A CROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N lOCKMIED LMSC-D246461 Parti Does RF point to a PRP, PTP, or NFPP? > yes no Q r Does RF point NFP? yes Scan back from RP to the 1st phrase of the kind, or to a high level phrase of another type preceded by a comma. A NFPP may join a NFP. r found SCAN BACK from RP for a preceding NFP or NFPP, | none I found toMS) found Join RF to phrase if none found to ®. <• to(MS) Does RF point to a PT? \ —' no Tyes ! PT followed by a PR? Tyes Search back from R P for another PT followed by a PR. If found, join 2 PT'S found Does RF point to a AJ or AV ? lyes > Search back from RPfor another PT If found, join 2 PT f s not found Does RP point to a word of same POS as R F ? y«« Join RF and RP to to 3^60 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti 3.5 WORD GOVERNMENT TABLES As the concept of word government has evolved, the format of the word-government dictionary has also evolved. Since there has been a change in personnel of the dictionary compiler, a review of existent dictionary listings is given in the following table. Published 1968 Scope abandon Characteristics Compiler Appendix, Ref. 13 through master 1969 Appendix, Ref. 1 abandon through lynch nab through peace rank through rusty meaning variations H. R. Robison marked through the c*s meaning variations H. R. Robison marked throughout 1 1972 Appendix A, this report 1972 Appendix B, this report meaning variations H. R. Robison marked throughout new format; meaning variations listed as well as marked; optional secondary elements enclosed in parentheses L. L. Earl References 13 and 1 contain a description of the format used in the dictionaries published therein, and in Appendix A. The new format used in Appendix B is described below. The governing primary heads each entry, appearing in capital letters. Under the primary those meanings which are distinguished by government patterns are given, 3-61 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti rather succinctly, and numbered. If no meanings are given, either there is but one meaningf or the government patterns are incapable of distinguishing among the meanings. Often this means that for words functioning as both nouns and verbs, only the verbal meanings will be given. Wh§n this occurs, it is noted following the word meanings. The patterns of the primary are then given in three columns, in a format as similar as possible to that in the previously published government tables. Column 1 is blank if there are no meanings listed, or gives the number of all meanings which can be associated with that particular government pattern. Column 2 gives an abbreviation for the part of speech of the primary when it is associated with that particular government pattern. Column 3 gives the secondaries in this government pattern, separated by slashes and with optional secondary elements enclosed In parentheses. An example will help to clarify. ABIDE meanings (1) to tolerate (2) to live up to, submit to (3) to reside or live in patterns 1 2 3 vt vi vi S byS in S or D/(for S) First, three meanings are given for abide. Then the patterns listing shows that in this case each meaning is associated with a different pattern. In meaning 1, abide Is a translstlve verb (vt) and Is followed by a substantive (S), as in "I cannot abide that color. M In meaning 2 f abide is an intransitive verb (vi) followed by a "by11 prepositional phrase, as in "I cannot abide by that decision. 11 In meaning 3, abide is an intransitive verb which is completed by an adverb or "in11 prepositional phase, and sometimes a "for" prepositional phrase also, as In "Will you abide in Santa Clara (for the whole summer)?" or "Will you abide there (for the whole summer)?11 3-62 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti This notation for meaning (3) differs from the notation in Ref. 1, and Ref. 11 where it appears as: 3 vi in S/for S Use of parentheses to show optional patterns not only clarifies their use, particularly in the distinction of meanings, but also takes care of the concept of "strong11 and "weak" government as discussed in Ref. 13 , where "for S" would have been considered weakly governed and dependent on the strongly governed "in S." With the use of the optional notation, the concept of strong and weak government should no longer be necessary. Column 2 under patterns gives the parts of speech of the primary, by abbreviations which are given below: n ns npl aj ajp ajt av vt vi vrf 1 vrf 2 vprp vtx vax vtn vin vir vip or vtp 3-63 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A C R O U P D I V I S I O N OF l O C K N f E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION noun noun singular noun plural adjective predicative adjective post adjective, which follows the noun adverb verb transitive verb intransitive verb reflexive verb, present perfective verb transitive, does not undergo passive transformation verb auxiliary verb transitive, negative verb intransitive, negative verb intransitive, interrogative verb in the passive LMSC-D246461 Parti vlt vim pp ps verb with 'It" verb imperative present participle past participle For verbs, usually the abbreviations The abbreviations are mostly self-explanatory. vt and vi are used (verb transitive and verb intransitive), but occasionally a more precise part of speech is given, as in the following, which may need explication. Verb Reflexive 1 (vrf 1). In this type of verb the reflexive element is optional (He behaved or He behaved himself) Verb Reflexive 2 (vrf 2). In this type of verb the reflexive element is mandatory. (He absented himself from the house) Verb Passive (vip) or (vtp). In this type of verb the government pattern given occurs only when verb is passive (He was chagrined at^ the crowd1 s behavior) Verb with it (vit). In this type of verb "it" is used to stand for the following clause (I would appreciate it_ if you . . . . ) Abbreviations are also used in column 3 under patterns, which describe the actual government patterns. These abbreviations and special symbols are tabulated below. Abbreviation S N CN NM A D DT substantive noun noun plural noun animate adjective adverb adverbial time expression ( e . g . , daily, soon) Meaning 3-64 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti DJ P PX PSS G PS PR VRB cl to-inf bare-inf NT CNM NJ ON CJ adverbial adjunct pronoun pronoun reflective pronoun p o s s e s s i v e gerund past participle present participle verb clause "to11 infinitive (to s e e , to go, e t c . ) infinitive without "to" nominal time expression ( e . g . , 10 days, every week) noun plural animate nominal adjunct ordinal number conjunctive; that i s , one of the following, how, what when, where who, whom whose, why whether, if phrs to-be Special Symbols Symbol ( ) n + phrase the verb l! to be, " or inflected form thereof Definition Whatever is contained within the parentheses i s optional in the government pattern. "not11 The structure following the n + l ! requires anah rsis by parsing program ( e . g . , that + clause) Substitute the primary for the !l l! lf Substitute an inflected form of the primary for ,f — 3-65 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G l O U r M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I I C I A f T C O M P A N Y C O R P O R A T I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti There are two other conventions in the writing of secondaries which should be noted. (1) A slash preceding a pattern is used to indicate a floating adverbial particle, as away, for example, in the following phrases; carry that sack away carry away that sack The pattern for carry will thus be written: CARRY meanings (1) (2) to transport from one place to another to handle with success £al xerns vt 1 1 1 2 vt vt vt /away S/(from S)/(to S) /off S/(to S) S/(from S)/(to S) /off S/(with S) (2) In addition to prepositions, which are always written out in the secondary patterns, other words may be specifically written out, particularly in the case of idioms • For example, consider the last two meanings under peg. PEG meanings (1) a short rod used to join pieces or plug a hole (11) to lower the pride of (idiom) (12) person in a position for which he is unqualified (idiom) 3-66 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C l O U f M I S S I L E S O * & S P A C E A I K R A F T C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED patterns 1, 2, 3 1 1, 2 n n n (for S) (into S) inS 11 12 n n to take down a round - in a square hole Appendix A contains the government entries from nkb through peace, in the old format. Appendix B contains the government entries rank through rusty, in the new format. 3-67 LOCKHEECT *ALO ALTtdTftE^Alfla* tABbRATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Section 4 REFERENCES 1. Lois L. Earl, Annual Report: Automatic Informative Abstracting and Extracting, Sections 2 . 1 and 3 . 1 , M - 2 1 - 6 9 - 1 , Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Mar 1969 2. Lois L. Earl, Annual Report: Automatic Informative Abstracting and Extracting, Part I, M - 2 1 - 7 0 - 1 , Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Mar 1970 3. Lois L. Earl, E x p e r i m e n t s in Automatic Extracting and Indexing, M Information Storage and Retrieval, Vol. 6, pp. 3 1 3 - 3 3 4 4. A. G. Oettinger, Mathematical Linguistics and Automatic Translation, Report to the National Science Foundation, No. NSF-8, Cambridge, M a s s . , Jan 1963 5. Lois L. Earl, M Automatic Determination of Parts of Speech of English Words, '• Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, Vol. 10, Nos. 3 and 4, Sep and Dec, 1967, pp. 5 3 - 6 7 6. L. Earl, O. Firschein, andM. Fischler: Annual Report: Automatic Informative Abstracting and Extracting, M-21-71-1, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Mar 1971 7. Thompson Ramo Wooldridge: Machine-Translation Studies of Semantic Technique, Contract AF39(602)-2036, 22 Feb 1961 8. H. R. Robinson, "Computer-Detectable Semantic Structures, "Information Storage and Retrieval, Vol. 6, pp. 2 7 3 - 2 8 8 9. Simon M. Newman: Analysis of Prepositionals for Interrelational Concepts, Preliminary Study. Patent Office Research & Development Reports, No. 16, 15 July (1959) 4-1 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY l O C K H E f D M I S S I L E S 4 A G l O U f D I V I S I O N OF l O C K M I f D S P A C E AIICRAM C O M P A N Y CORPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Part I H. Dewar, P. Beatley, and J. P. Thorne, nA Program for the Syntactic Analysis of English Sentences," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 12, No. 8, Aug 1969 T. Winograd, Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language, Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb 1971 R. C. Schank and L. Tesler, flA Conceptual Dependency Parser for Natural Language,11 Statistical Methods in Linguistics, Vol. 6, 1970, pp. 3 3 - 5 1 Lois L. Earl and H. R. Robison, Annual Report: Automatic Informative Abstracting and Extracting, M-21-68-1, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Mar 1968 4-2 LOCICBEEDrFALO^ALTOnWESeARCHLABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Appendix A OLD FORMAT GOVERNMENT TABLES NAB - PEACE A-l L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K H I E D M I S S I L E S ft A O l O U f D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H I E D S P A C E tllCIAFT C O M P A N Y COIPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Parti vt vt i 1 2 2 2 1 2 I vt vt vl vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt S 8/for8 -ofS 8 8/intoS 8/to-inf at8/to-lnf at8 8/fbrS O 8/to8 S/agaiaatS 8/dowa to 8 /down 8 8/on 8/upon /up 8 8/up to 8 8/upoa8 it to-be - / o f 8/to -lnf How - of 8/to -lnf 8 8/8 8/foriS S/ifter8 8 S/u8 8/to 8 8/8 8/to -iaf of 8 byfor S/!»-be 8 forCJ • cl to-have a - / f o r 8 S/toS to 8/CJ • ol O -of 8/to S/by 8 of 8/CJ + ol of CJ •• ol by 8 0 from 8/dowa (to) 8 8/from 8/(dowa) to 8 It t o - b e - o f 8/to -lnf How - o f 8/to -lnf -8 to8 -of 8 -8 It to-be - lor 8/to -lnf How - f o r 8/to - i n ! O It t o - b e - o f 8/to -lnf -8 n naive 1 • 1 ftj •J vt vts 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 4 m vts vt vt vt vt vt n a D a a vt vt ntmtt 1 2 t 2 1 1 2 n a a a vt vl vt % •IP 1 2 ftj ft* a "afc oiiturallM 1 2 rip m •JP *J A-2 P A L O ALTO RESBARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Vt vip vlp n n n n navigable •J *JP navigate vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt 1 n n n n n n n n n n n n vt vi necessary ajp a)p vt vt vt n n n n n Y\ 8 byS at 8 of S/at 8 by-at 8 with - a t 8 with-by 8 -8 from 8/to 8/by 8 byS 8 8/around 8 8/among 8 B/downS S/froxn 8/to 8 8/out of 8 8/over 8 8/through 8 S/toward S S/by 8 8/with 8 of S/around 8 of 8/among 8 of 8/down 8 of 8/from 8/to 8 of S/from 8/to 8 of S/out of 8 of 8/over 8 of 8/through 8 of 8/toward 8 of S/by 8 of 8/with 8 0 8 O -8 It to-be - for 8 / t o -inf It to-be - that • cl 6 O PSSO to -inf O ofbyout of to-be a - that + cl there to-be no - for 8/to -Inf of 8/fbr 8 of 8/to -inf a - tor 8 / t o -inf a - for 8 8 G to be A to be 8 to be PS to -inf 8 to -inf G S/for 8 8/to -inf of 8/of 8 -8 of S navigation 2 necessitate necessity n n n n n vt vt vt vt vt Vt neglect L I I L L vt vt vt Vt Vt n neglectful »J »JP A-3 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S 4 A G R O U P D I V I S I O N Of L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSOD246461 Parti negligence negotiate 1-3 1 1 1 B D of S/to 8 of S/toward 8 S S/wlthS with 8 to -lnf of S/of S/with 8 to-enter Into - / w i t h 8/to-lnf to-inf for 8 over S between 8/and 8 PX/forS PX/to-inf PX/againstS -8 •IS about 8 over 8 among 8 with 8 O at 8 among 8 In 8 on 8 upon 8 over 8 S/toS S/againetS 8/ln8 8/on8 8/uponS among 8 against S lnS ' onS uponS Nil 8 S/after S S /from 8 8/with 8 8/byS at 8 -8 to-be - / I n 8 to-be-during 8 to-remain - / i n 8 t o - r e main -/during 8 x to-be -/about 8 to-be i n to-ieave S / m 8/by8 8/with 8 -8 to 8 ofS from 8 out of 8 to-be-to 8 to-be in the that + cl of CJ + cl Vt vt vl Vl n npl npl npl npl npl vtx vtx vtx i negotiation j a) « 2 2 2 2 •' a* •IP ajp •IP ft* vl •1 vl vl vl vl vi vt vt vt vt vt vl rl vl vl vl i 2 8 a vt vt vt vt vt vt •IP •J 9 Vt vt I 2 aj •IP npl npl npl npl npl npl npl . A-4 LOCKHEtfD PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti nibble vi vi vi vi vi vi vi aj ajp ajp ajp ajp vt vi vi vi vt vt vi vt vt vt vt n n n n aj ajp ajp aj aj ajp 1 2 n n vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vl pe n aj ajp ajp aj ajp n vt vt vt vt vt aj ajp ajp it8 against 8 from 8 into 8 on 8 upon 8 through 8 -8 toS It to-be - / o f S/to -inf How - of 8/to -inf How - for 8/(that) + cl 8 at8 atS toS B/atS S/to 8 O 8 8/(tobe)8 8/forS 8/to-inf of8 of S/to be 6 of 8/for S of 8 / t o - i n f -8 about 8 over 8 -8 It to-be - / f o r 8/to -inf O of 8 to-have a -/tor 8 S/intoS S/onto 8 S/over S 8/out of 8 S/toward 8 8/through 8 /outS /about 8 It about that + cl It to-be - about that + ol of 8/for 8 -8 about 8 nice nip nod nominate nomination nonchalant normal nostalgia nostalgic for 8 -8 for 8 O 8 (that) + cl C J + cl whether + c l /down 8 notable note noted -s for 8 a*8 A-5 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G l O U f D I V I S I O N OF l O C K N f l O S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORAT 10 N LMSC-D246461 Parti notice 1 2 2 2 3 3 n D n n n vt vt vt vt vt Tt vl vt vt vt vt of 8 to -Inf to-glve 8/-/U) -Inf to-give 8/-/that • ol to-take -/of 8 8 S/bare -Inf S/PR (that) • cl CJ+ cl whether • cl 0 8 8/of 8 8/(that) • cl 8/to -inf of 8 of 8/of 8/by 8 of S/that • cl of 8/to -inf notify notion notorloua •J •IP •Jp of 8 of 8/of 8 of 8/that + cl to-have a -/(that) * cl to-take a -/to -inf * -8 for 8 aaS to-be a Vat 8 novice nowhere number av av n n n vt vt vt vt vt vip 1.1 to be/PS to -inf of 8/in 8 of 8/among 8 inS/from 8/to 8 8/from S/through 8 8 S/in8 S/amongS O -8 about 8 over 8 8 agalnat 8 -8 about 8 of 8/to 8 -8 to 8 to-do -/to 8 to-pay -/to 8 8 O toS toG O that+cl •J UP •IP vt vi obdurate obedience •IP n •J •J •J n n obey object 1 1 1 2 vt vi vl vi •1 vt A-6 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti objection 1 1 2 3 n n n n n vt vt vip vip n n n n of S/to 8 of S/to Q of S/that • cl O of S/in 8 8/toS S/to -inf toS to -inf of S/to S of S/to -inf ofS to-have an - / t o S/to -inf to-be under an - / t o 8 / t o -inf -S 0 for 8 It to-be - / f o r S/to -inf It to-be - / o n S/to -inf S/to -inf to-lnf S/with S S/by S to-be - / t o S/for S S S/from S -S toS to CJ + cl of S of CJ • cl -8 toS -S It to-be -/that + cl It to-be - / C J + cl by S/from S of S/of S of S/by S of of of of of 8/on 8 S/upon S S/about 8 S/of S S/by S objective obligate obligation obligatory aj ajp ajp ajp ajp 1 2 3 3 3 vt vip vtx vtx ps vt vt aj ajp ajp ajp ajp aj ajp aj ajp ajp ajp n n 1 1 1 2 2 1-3 n n n n n vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vi n n n aj ajp ajp oblige obliterate oblivious obsequious observable observance observation observe 1.3 S S/to-be/AS S/bare -inf S/PR that + cl C J + cl why + cl S/C J + cl a of S of S toS -S about 8 in 8 observer obstacle obstinate A-7 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S ft A C I O U P D I V I S I O N OF l O C K H E E O S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti 1 1 1 2 obtrude vt vt Vt Vi Vt 8 8/from S/by S 8/from 8/for 8 O 8/on 8 S/upon 8 8/into8 on 8 upon 8 into 8 -8 It to-be - / t o 8/that + ol U to-be - / t o 8/CJ • cl It to-be - / t o 8/why+ cl of 8 for 8 to-be A to -inf of S/of 8 of S/by 8 of 8 8 8 inS with 8 PX/in8 PX/wlth 8 0 at 8 about 8 around 8 among 8 before 8 inS on 8 upon 8 It — toS/(that) + ol It — to 8/CJ # cl of 8 8 8/byS S/with8 -8 It to-be - of 8/to -inf It to-be - to 8/to -inf It to-be - to 8/that 4 cl 8 to -Inf 8/to 8 8/8 8/to S/for 8 8/B/for 8 of8/of8 of 8/to -inf of 8/of 8/to 8 of 8/of 8/to 8/for 8 to-be an - in 8 to-be an - of 8 O as 8 / a t S as8 S/by 8 S/withS from S/by 8 vt vt vi vi vi aj tJP am ajp n n n n n n n vt vt vi vi vtx vtx vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi obvious occasion occupation occurrence offend n vt vt vt 1 2 2 2 a) offeneiye »JP *jp ajp vt vt vt vt vt vt n n n n n n vi vi vi offer officer officiate offset 1 1 2 vt vt vip LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti offspring ogle omiaaion n vt n n n vt vt vt vt n n n n n vi vi vl vt vt vt to-be the - 8 / and 8 O of S of S/of 8/from 8 S 8/from S to -inf G at the - of S the - of 8 of S/agalnst 8 of 8/on 8 of S/upon 8 from S out of 8 through 8 8/from 8 8/out of 8 S/through 8 8 /up 8 /up 8/to S on 8 upon 8 with 8 inS of 8 8 O to -inf on S/for S upon S/for S to-be in on S/fbr S upon S/for S on S/to -Inf upon S/to -Inf of S/by S omit onset onslaught open 1 2 2 3 3 4 1.2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 vt vt vt vl vi vi n n vt vi vi vi vi opening operate operation n n n n ajp n n n operational opinion of S/of 8 of S/on S of S/about 8 for NG of NG to -inf 8 to 8 S/agalnst 8 8/withS S/for 8 of S/to 8 ln-toS of S of S/of 8 of S/by 8 for 8 out out of S -S about S opportunity D n oppose vt vip vt vt vt n n n n n vi vi vi opposition oppression opt optimistic «0 A-9 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A O l O U f D I V I S I O N Of IOCKHEI0 S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti n n a n ordain vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt n n n n n n D of of of of 8/to -inf S/on S 8/upon 8 8 8 8/8 8/to -inf (that) • ol 8 8/to -inf 8/D that 4 cl 8/to 8 S/against 8 S/about S S/about S/around 8 S/around /backs S/intoS S/offS /off 8 8/out of 8 /down S/from 8 8/for S/from 8 8/D 8/according to 8 lnln-of 8 to-be in to-be out of O to -inf by-of 8 forS to-place an - / f o r 8 0 of 8 of 8/by S of S/into 8/by S 8 S/from 8/into S 8 PX/with respect to S PX/inS 8 from 8 in 8 with NM from NM O to-be an - / t o 8 8 S/withS 8 by 8 0 between 8/and 8 S order « 1.2 n n organization 2 2 organize orient n n n n vt vt vt vto vtx 1 2 2 2 2 1,2 3 vt vi vi vi vi n n vt vt vt vip 1 1 2 vi vi vt originate ornament orphan oscillate A-10 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti oatraolre vt vlp vlp vt vt n n n vt vt vt vt vt n n n n n n n vt vt vt n n vt vt vlp vlp vt vt vt vt 1 2 2 vt vlp vlp vt vt vt aj ajp a)P ajp a)P a)p vt vt vt vt vt vt vlp vip vt vt vt vt 1 1.2 2 vt vlp vlp 8 0 from S/by 8 8 8/from 8 0 of 8 of 8/agalnat 8 8 8/ln8 oust outcry outdo outfit iiS of 8/from 8 of 8/of 8/on 8 of 8/of SAo -In of 8/of SAor 8 of 8 for 8 on 8 8 8/to 8 S/by 8 for 8 on 8 8/by8 8 by8 at 8 S/on8 S/wtth 8 8/for 8 S/on 8 8 by 8 wlthS 8 8/PR 8/to-Inf -8 at 8 by8 over 8 with 8 to-inf 8 8 8/wlthS 8 8/by8 S/with8 8 by8 with 8 8 8/by8 8 8/wlth 8 8 byB with 8 outflow outlay outlet outline outlive outlook outnumber outrage outvote overburden overcharge overcome overhear overjoyed overlay overpower overrun overshoot overstock overtake A-11 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A C R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti ostracise vt vlp Vip vt Vt 8 0 from S/by 8 8 8/from 8 0 of 8 of 8/agalnst 8 8 8/in8 S/wtth 8 8/for 8 8/to -inf of SArom 8 of 8/of 8/for 8 of 8/of 8/on 8 of 8/of 8Ao -lnf of 8 for 8 on 8 8 8/to 8 8/by8 for 8 on 8 8/by8 8 by 8 at 8 8/on 8 S/wlth 8 8/for 8 8/on 8 8 by8 with 8 8 8/PR S/to -inf -8 at 8 by 8 over 8 with 8 to -Inf 8 8 8/wlth 8 8 8/by8 8/wlth 8 S by8 with 8 8 8/by8 8 8/wlth 8 8 by 8 with 8 oust outcry n n n vt vt vt vt vt n n n n n n n vt vt vt n n vt vt vlp vip vt vt vt vt 1 2 2 vt vip vip vt vt vt ajp ajp ajp ajp ajp outdo outfit outflow outlay outlet outline outlive outlook outnumber outrage outvote overburden overcharge overcome overhear overjoyed overlay overpower vt vt vt vt 1* overrun vt vtp vip vt vt vt vt 1 1.2 2 vip vlp overshoot overstock o partake A-12 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti overture 1 1 2 2 n npl n n vt vt vt Of 8/to 8 to-make — / t o 8 of 8 to 8 8 8/by 8 8/with 8 8 8/toS 8/8 8/for 8 8/on8 O 8/toS 8 O DJ /off 8 of 8/by 8 8 8/with 8 8/by O 8 8/lnto 8 /up 8 up /off 8/to 8 8/into 8 into 8 S/inS S/with 8 8/with 8 8/with 8 /out S/wlth 8 NM through 8 8/through 8 It--S/to-inf 8 8 8/with S 8/A 8/in8 S/into 8 S/over S /in 8 over 8 /outS S/as S of 8 S/with S /off S/with S /off S/againiit 8 -8 to 8 O on 8 upon S S /off 8/on 8 /off S/upon S overwhelm 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 pace 1.4 2 2 3 vt vt vt vt vt vi vlp vt vi vi vi n vt vt vt vt vt vt vi vl vt vlp vt vt vt pacification pacify pack pad page 1.2 1.2 1 2 2 vt vt vt vi vt vtx vt pain paint 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vl vt vt n vt vt vt aj ajp vi vi vl pair palatable pall palm 1 2 2 vt vt vt A-13 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSO pamper vt vt vt vi vt vt vt vt vi vip vt 1 1 1 2 n n n n vi vi vt vi s 8/with 8 8/by 8 to 8 8 8/with 8 8 O at 8 byS 8/with 8 to-be to-be tc-be to-be into 8 O 8/before 8 before 8 -8 to 8 with 8 8 8/with 8 8/by 8 ofS of 8/byB /out 8/to 8 /out 8/among 8 8 8/8 8/f0T NO 8 8/from 8 /downS of 8/and 8 between 8/and 8 with 8 8 with 8 O ofS -8 to 8 of of of of 8 8/for 8 8/to 8 8/toward 8 above below at on a - w i t h 8 P a r t I pander panel panic paper par parachute parade parallel •I ajp a)P vt vt vt n n vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt n n vi vt vi vi vi 1 2 a} *JP n n n n 1 2 vi vt n ajp paralyze . paralyala parcel pardon pare parity parley part partake partial partiality participate participant pa«*tloular partition in 8 of 8 in 8 -8 about 8 8/into 8/and 8 /off 8/into 8 / and 8 of 8/lnto 8/and 8 between 8/and 8 of 8/lnto 8/and 8 off/of 8/into 8/and 8 of 8 vt vt i 2 n n n n n Ti partitioning partner A-14 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Part I pass 2,3 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 vl vl vl vl vl vl vl vl vt vl vi vt vl vl vl vt vt vtx vl vt vl vi vi vi vi vi vt vi vi vi vl vt vt vi vl vt vi vl vl vt vl vi vlp ajp tj among S along S byS down S through S 0 on/ through/ S O D 6 from S/lnto S from S/to 8 into 8 S S/to 8 S/S D S asS under S forS O D on/ S O between S/and S on S upon S S/onS S/upon 8 O D /down S/from S/to S before 8 Into 8 out of S/lnto S /off S/as 8 over 8 over S/for 8 over O -S passable 1 2 passage of S of S/through 8 of S/by 8 O inS A-15 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G t O U F D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti passion passport paste 1 2 n n n n vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt 1,2 2 vt vt n n n n n n n n n n n n n a n n n n aj *Jp vt vt vt n n n re vi vi vt vi vt vi 1 1 2 vt vi vi vx vt vt vt vt vt vt rt vt vt vt vt vt of B/for 8 of 8/to-inf Ato8 8 8/tn6 8/lnto 8 8/on8 8/ontoS 8/over8 8/to 8 8/upon8 8/up on 8 /together 8 8 8/onS 8/upon8 8/with8 8/with8 /up 8 O of 8 around 8 down 8 down to 8 from 8 in 8 into 8 out of 8 overS to 8 through 8 on 8 upon 8 of 8 to-have the -/to-inf to-have t h e - / f o r 8 to -have V with 8 -8 with 8 8/onS 8/upon 8 8/after 8 in 8 of 8 O 8 O at 8 before 8 DJ to-inf in 8 8 at 8 about B/for 8 B/to -tnf 8 8/for 8 8/5 for 8 8/to-4nf S/8to-inf 8/what + ol 8/to 8/for 8 8Ao B/to-inf /out BAo BAor 8 /out 8 / t o B/to-inf /off 8 pat patch path patienoe patient pattern pauBS paw pawn pay 2 2 3,4 A-16 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti pay (Cont'd) 4 1,0 6 7 payable vt vl vl vl »J *jp »)p n n /up 8 for 8 It—to-lnf /outS -8 to 8 at 8 of 8/of 8/to 8/for 8 of 8/of 8/to S/to-inf ofS among 8 between 8/ and 8 to-be at -/with 8 to-make -/with 8 payment 1 2 2 2 2 n n n n n A-17 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OP L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Appendix B NEW FORMAT GOVERNMENT TABLES RANK-RUSTY B-l LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY l O C K H E I D M I S S I L E S A A G I O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIICHAFT C O M P A N Y C O U O M I I O H LMSC-D246461 Parti RANK Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to place in a rank or assign a rack to have a higher rank, or take precedence to hold a position in a rank holding the highest position in a rank luxuriant in growth smelly of a strongly marked or absolute type; extreme Note: Nouns, with no special government characteristics, have not been included here. Patterns 1 1 1 1 1,2 3 vt vt vt vt vt vi 4 5-7 RANSACK Pattern PP aj S/ according to S S/by S S/ with S S/ above S S in S/ (of S) ON/ (in S) ON/ (on S) among S/ (of S) -ingS -S vt RAP Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1 l 2 3 3,4 S/ (for S) blame or punishment a sharp knock to knock sharply to say sharply n n n vt. vt take the beat the (at S) (upon S) (atS) (upon S) (out S) R-2 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Pfirt I RAPPORT Patterns aj withS RAPT Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns ajp 2 3 4 to be carried away in body or spirit to be inraptured to be completely absorbed or engrossed showing rapture ajp ajp aj into S to S up to S withS inS S RATE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patterns 1,3 2 2 2 4 5 6 7 7 8 RATTLE Meanings vt vi vip vip vi n n n aj n S withS as S withS 0 of S (forS) (ofS) -S at any to deserve to rank, be in a c l a s s to appraise to have status amount, degree, or ratio value 'or price rank in any event (idiom) 1 2 3 4 to make a series of sharp short sounds to talk rapidly and incessantly to cause to make a series of sharp sounds to disconcert B-3 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E f D A GROUP M I S S I l f S OP & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C K H I I O LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 1 2 3,4 RAVE Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 2 REACH Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 Patterns 1 5 2-4 2-4 REACT Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1 2 2 vi vi vi upon S (to S)/(by S) (to S)/(with S) B-4 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY vi vi vi vt (inS) (over S) on (about S) S to talk incoherently to talk with excessive enthusiasm vi vi 0 about S to to to to to try to make emotional contact make communication contact make physical contact or go as far as influence be extended into vi Vi vt H out to S (into S) S/(by S) S/(with S) to to to to act in return respond to stimulus act in opposition act chemically, as by combination, with another substance LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 3 4 4 READ Meanings Note: As always only meanings with specific government patterns are detailed. Meaning 1 covers most others 1 to interpret characters, to oneself or aloud 2 to learn by reading 3 to study 4 to be well written, readable 5 to interpret in a certain way 6 to peruse 7 to note the result of a calibrated instrument 8 to register (a calibrated instrument) 9 to dismiss or expel by public reading Patterns Vt S ,7, 8 2 vi of S 2 vi about S 3 vt S/ for S 3 vi (with S)/for S 4 vi D 5 vt S/ into S 5 vt S/ as S 5 vt S/ in S 6 6 vi over S 7 vi through S 9 vi out S/(from S) vi out of S READY Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 vi vi vi against S with S/(to inf) with S/(PR) prepared to act or to be used prepared in mind inclined to prompt convenient or accessible with make — to prepare B-5 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A O I O I I P D I V I S I O N O f LOCKHEED S P A C E AltCIAFI C O M P A N Y COIPOEAtlON Patterns 1.2,3 1.2 4,5 6 REALISTIC Patterns ajp ajp aj aj toinf for S _S make _ ajp ajp aj REALIZATION Patterns^ n REALIZE Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1-3 2 REAM Patterns vt REAR Meanings 1 2 3 vt vt inS about S _S that + cl to achieve to fully apprehend, understand to convert into money, or to gain S that + cl /out S to grow, or breed, or bring to maturity to rise or stand up on hind legs to rise up (in anger), etc. or to rise high (as a mountain) B-6 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2,3 2 3 REASON Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Patterns 1-3 vt vi vi vi vi n n n n n n n that + cl about S upon S 0 with S / (about S) (for S) by of in with_ out of all stand to " 0 to think logically to argue logically to support with reasons to persuade with reasoning because of (idiom) justifiably (idiom) unreasonable (idiom) to be logical (idiom) an explanation or motive mental power vt vt vi vi S (up) S (up) (on S) (up) 4 9 5 6 7 8 10 REASSURANCE Patterns n n n on S/(to S) about S/(to S) that + cl B-7 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OP L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y COIPOIATION LMSOD246461 Parti REASSURE Patterns vt vt vt REBATE Patterns vt n n REBEL Patterns vl vi REBELLIOUS Patterns ajp ajp aj REBORN Patterns ajp REBUKE Patterns vt 11 S/about S S/onS S/that+ cl S/(to S) for S onS atS against S against S at S _S (to S) S/(for S) (to S)/(for S) B-8 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RECAPITULATE Patterns vt RECEDE Patterns vi RECEIPT Patterns n RECEIVE Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1,2 1 vt vt S S/into S to admit all others (for S) (from S) (S)/(for S) RECEPTACLE Patterns n RECEPTIVE Patterns ajp (to S) (for S) B~9 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S i A C R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H f E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSOD246461 Parti RECESS Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 RECHARGE Patterns vt RECIPE Patterns n RECIPROCITY Patterns n RECOIL Meanings 1 2 3 a hollow place or niche a secluded place a halting of business or school to place in a recess to form a recess in to set back or way to halt business or school n n n n vt vip vt vi (in S)/(for S) of S in (for NT) S/in S (for NT) from S for NT S/(with S) (for S) (between S and S) to retreat, withdraw, fall back to fly back when released to return to source B-10 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2 3 vi vi vi (from S) (upon or on S) (at S) RECOMPENSE Patterns vt n RECONCILE Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 1 2 2 S/(for S) (for S) to bring into harmony to make content or submissive vt vt vip vt CN S/with S to S PX/to S RECONDITION Patterns vt RECORD Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 preserve an account of preserve pounds on flat surface a preservation, often in writing a surface on which sounds are preserved the best performance to date largest or best to date to state ones opinions publicly (idiom) not for publication (idiom) to give (5) (idiom) S/(for S)/(by S)/(with S) B-ll LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S I A O I O U P D I V I S I O N Or l O C K H I I D S P A C E AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,2 1 3 3,5 5 6 4 7 8 9,4 RECOURSE Patterns n RECOVER Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1 2 3 RECOVERY Patterns n n RECTIFY Patterns (of S)/from S (of S)/after S vt vi vt S from S S/from S to get back or compensal to get well or save onese to reclaim (to S) vt vt n n n aj n n n n S/(for S)/(with S) that or what + cl of S for S in S S (of S)/(with S) (go) on off the _ break a _ vt S/(by S) S/(with S) B-12 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMBC-D246461 Parti RECUPERATE Patterns vi vt RECUPERATION Patterns n (from S) (from S) S/(from S) RED Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1,2 1 1,2 3 4 REDEEM Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1-3 1 1 1.3 1,3 1,3 1,3 vt vt vt vt vt vt vt S/(by S) S/(from S)/(for S) S/(out of S)/(for S) S/(from S) S/(with S) S/(by S) S/(out of S) to buy back or recover to fulfill to free, liberate, rescue, reclaim (not common) n aj ajp n n 0 _S 0 in the see color or pigment member of communist party in debt (idiom) be angry (idiom) B-13 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A O I O U P D I V I S I O N OP l O C I H I l O SPACE AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y COtPOtATION LMSC-D246461 Parti REDEEMABLE Patterns ajp REDEPLOY Patterns - see DEPLOY RE DEPOSIT Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1,2 1-3 1-3 1,3 4 4 REDEVELOP Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1,2,3 4 REDIRECT Meanings 1 2 to guide or regulate again as in a different manner questioning by a lawyer of his witness after crossexamination vt vi S/(by S)/(in S) (among S)/(in S)/(at S)/(on S)/(after S)/(from S) (by S)/(for S) to place again to entrust for safekeeping to coat something entrusted for safekeeping vt vt VI vt n n S/(in S) S/(with S) S/(at S) S/(upon S) (of S)/(in S) (of S)/(at S) to to to to reprocess (as film) strengthen something enlarge or detail something bring into activity B-14 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns vt vt vt vt vt aj n S/(around S) S/(onto S) S/(into S) S/(to S) S/(toward S) — examination on- 2 2 REDOLENT Patterns n n REDOUBLE Patterns vt vt vi REDOUND Patterns vi with S of S S/(to - inf) S/(for S) when + c l (to S) REDUCE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 to to to to to to to to be brought down to or forced into by circumstances be weakened lower or lessen analyze break up or melt decrease in positive valence (chem) change in form but not value (arithmetic) lose weight R-15 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY l O C K H E f D A G t O U P M I S S I L E S o r & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N l O C t H U O LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,2 1 3 3 4 5,7 6 8 REDUCTION Patterns vip vip ut vt vt vt vt vi to S to G/(for S) S/(to S)/(for S) S/(by S)/(for S) S/(to S)/(by S) S/toS S/(at S) (to S) n n REDUNDANT Patterns ajp ajp aj RE-EDUCATE Patterns vt vip vt vt REEK Patterns vi vt REEL (of S)/(to S) (of S)/(by S) (with S) (inS) S S/(for S) to - inf/(by G) PX/(for S)/(by S) PX/to - inf/(by G) with S S Meanings (verbal only) 1 2 to wind on a reel to tell or write fluently B-16 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 1 2 RE-ENTRY Patterns vt vt vt /inS /out S /off S n REFER Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1,2,3 4 5,6,7 REFEREE Patterns n n n REFERENCE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 vt vt vi to to to to to to to (to S) regard as caused by classify or regard as belonging to submit for settlement send (a person) for aid or information relate to or be concerned with direct attention to turn for information to S/to S NM/to S toS (for S) (inS) (ofS) submission of a problem for settlement relation, regard e . g . , "with reference to your letter" a mention or allusion a citing of another work, or such a citation a person to give information or recommendation for another person, or the giving of such a person's name, or a written statement about a person a research aid to cite B-17 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY t O C K H C I O Ml S H I E S ft A O » 0 u f D I V I S I O N Or 1 O C I M I I 0 S P A C E C O M P A N Y A I I C I A I I C O t P O l A t ION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1-4 5 5 5 6 6 7 REFERRAL Patterns n n n n n aj vt to S (to - i n f ) (for S) (for NM) 0 S S to S REFIT Patterns vt vt (S)/(for S) (S)/(to - inf) REFLECT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1 1 1 4 2 2 3 3,6 5 vt vt vt vip vt vip vt vi vi S / off S/(to or toward S) S / off of S/to or toward S) S / off or off of S/(into S) (off or from S)/(to or into S or toward S) S inS S/ on or upon S (back) / o n or upon S on or upon S to to to to to to hand or throw back energy waves or particle give back an image bring back as a consequence be bent or turned back contemplate cast blame or discredit B-18 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REFLECTION Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 Patterns 1 5 2 3 4 REFRACT Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 1 2 the throwing back by a surface of energy waves or particles an image or likeness contemplation or the ideas which are the results of contemplation blame or discredit or a statement inputing or action bringing blame anything reflected n n n n n (of S)/from or off or off of S of S/from or off or off of S (in S) (on or upon S) on or upon S to bend a ray of energy or particles to measure the degree of refraction of an eye or lense vip vt vt (by S)/(to or toward S) S/(to or toward S) S REFRACTION Meanings 1 2 Patterns 2 1 REFRAIN Meanings 1 2 n n (of S)/(by S)/(toward S) the bending of a ray as it passes through a medium the measuring of the degree of refraction of the eye to hold back, keep oneself from a repeated verse or music to go with it B-19 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S « A G P O U F D I V I S I O N Of I O C I H I E D S P A C E AIICIAII C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2 REFRESH Patterns vi n from S (of or from S) vt vt vi REFUGE Patterns n REFUGEE Patterns n REFUND Patterns vt vip n REFUSE Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1 2 3 4 S/(by S) S/(with S) (byS) (from S) (from S) S/(for S) (byS) (from S)/(for S) to reject to decline to do something to decline to grant something anything thrown away vt vi vt n S to -inf S/S (from S) B-20 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REGALE Patterns vt REGARD Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Patterns 1 2 2,3 4,5 6 7,8 9 10 REGIONAL Patterns n n n n vt vt vt n 0 toS for S to S S/(with S) S S/as S as _ S a firm look or gaze attention e s t e e m , respect reference good wishes to observe with a gaze to take into account to esteem or respect to consider in a certain light concerning (idiom) S/with S ajp REGISTER Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 . Note: Noun toS to enter in a list or record to indicate on a scale to show, as by facial expression to safeguard mail to enter ones name in a list, as a hotel or to vote meanings are not involved in government. B-21 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GROUP M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,2,3,4 3 5 5 vt vt vi vi S S/(at S) in S for S REGISTRATION Patterns n REGRESS Patterns vi REGRESSION Patterns n REGRET Patterns vt vt vt n n REGRETABLE Patterns ajp REGROUP Patterns vi or vt (S)/(for S) vi or vt (S)/to inf B-22 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY (for S) (to S) (to S) that + cl S toinf that + cl for S that + cl LMSC-D246461 Parti REHEARSE Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1 2 3 2 REHEAT Patterns vt S/to S to recite or tell in detail to perform for practice to drill a person by practice in what he is to do vt vt vt vi S/(for S)/(on S)/(in S) NM/(in S)/(for S) (for S)/(on S)/(in S) REHIRE Patterns — see hire, meanings 1 & 2 RELAY Patterns vt RELEASE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to set free to grant freedom from to permit to be issued, shown, published to surrender to someone else a setting free or liberation from a permission for publication a device for switching or releasing a transfer of right, claim, etc. something which has been published S/(from S)/(to S) B-23 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY l O C K H E t D M U S H E S «. A 0 « O U P D I V I S I O N OF l O C K H E t D SPACE AiactAFf C O M P A N Y COIPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,2 3 4 5,9 6 8 7 RELEGATE Patterns vt vt vt n n n n NM/from S S/for S S/to S/(for S) (from S) (for S)/(from S) from S/to S (for S) vt RELEVANT Patterns ajp S/to S toS RELIEF Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,2 2 3 4 5 6 n n n n n n from S after S to S for S in_ _ map an easing, setting free, lightening something which offers a change aid release from work or duty or the person who takes over so such release i s possible projection of forms from a flat surface differences in elevation or the depiction of such differences on a map B-24 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RELIEVE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,3 2,4 5 6 to to to to to to ease, reduce, lighten fire from a position give aid to set free from work or send someone to do s o make l e s s tedious or set off by contrast ease (oneself) by passing bodily waste vt vt vt vt vt vt NM/(from S)/(for S) NM/(of S) S/withS S/by S PX RELINQUISH Patterns vt RELISH Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1,2,4 3 5,6 7 RELOAD Patterns — see LOAD n n vt vi (ofS) in S S of S flavor trace pleasure side dish for flavor to give flavor to to enjoy to have the flavor of S/(to S) B-25 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY l O C K H f E D M I S S I L E S ft A G I O U P D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H E I D S P A C E AltCIAM C O M P A N Y COIPOiATION RELOCATE - see LOCATE RELUCTANCE Patterns n n RELUCTANT Patterns ajp RELY Patterns vi vi on S/(for S) upon S/(for S) (to inf) (to inf) (to PR) REMADE - see MADE R E M A P - s e e MAP REMARK Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1 1 1 3 3 2 to make an observation or comment a noticing or observing (e.g., person worthy of remark) brief comment or casual observation vi vi vi n n n on S upon S (about S)/(that + cl) (about S) (on S) 0 B-26 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REMARKABLE Patterns ajp ajp that + cl of S/to inf REMARRIAGE - see MARRIAGE REMARRY - see MARRY REMEDY Patterns n vt vt REMELT-see MELT RE MERGE - see MERGE REMIGRATE - see MIGRATE REMINISCE Patterns vi REMINISCENCE Patterns n REMINISCENT Meanings 1 2 given to dwelling on the past or characterize by remembering bringing to mind something else B-27 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY I O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S ft A O I O U P D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H I E D S P A C E AIICIAM C O M P A N Y CORPORATION (for S) S/(with S) S/(by S) (about S) (about S) LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2 REMISS Patterns aj ajp 0 of S ajp inS REMODIFY - see MODIFY REMONSTRATE Patterns vi vi vi REMORSE Patterns n n n REMORSEFUL Patterns ajp ajp aj REMOTE .'Patterns ajp aj (from S) — control control from a distance (for S) (about S) S (atS) (for S) (about S) (with NM)/(about S) (with NM)/(on S) (with NM)/against S &-28 LOCKHEED RALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REMOVE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 to move away to take off to kill to dismiss from a positi to eliminate a step o r interval Patterns 1,4 2,3,5 6 vt vt n S/(f rom S) S fromS/(toS) REMULTIPLY - see MULTIPLY RENAME - see NAME verb only RE NAVIGATE - see NAVIGATE REND Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 1 1 1 2 2 to tear away or separate violently to pull apart or split violently vt vt vt vt vt vi /(away)S/(from S) /(off)S/(from S) S/out of S / u p S/(from S) S 0 B-29 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY 1 O C K H C E 0 A O t O U f M I S S I L E S OF t S P A C E A I I C I A F t C O M P A N Y C O M O I A I I O N D I V I S I O N l O C K H t f D LMSC-D246461 Parti RENDER Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Patterns 1,5,8,9,11 2 3 4 6 7 10 12 to to to to to to to to to to to to vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt deliver or submit surrender give in return restore pay cause to be give or provide depict perform put in words of another language or expression melt fat present oneself or take steps to be in a certain place S /(up or over)S/(to S) S/ for S back S S/A S/(to S) S/ in S PX/(at S)/(in S) RENDEZVOUS Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 1 2,3 1-3 n n n ( /to-be/at S/(NT)) (with S)/(at S)/(NT) (for S) a place for meeting an appointment for meeting a meeting B-30 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY RENEGE Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 2 vi vi 0 on S to play a card of the wrong suit to go back on a promise RENOMINATE - see nominate RENT Meanings (verbal only) 1 2 Patterns 1 2 RENUMBER Patterns vt REPACK Patterns vt vt REPAIR Meanings (verbal only) 1 to mend, renew, compensate for 2 to go to S/(with S) S/(for S) S/(from S)/(to or through S) vt vt S/(f or S) /(out)S/(for S) to get temporary possession for a payment to give temporary possession for a payment B-31 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OP L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2 REPAPER Patterns vt vi S to S vt REPARATION Patterns n REPAY Patterns vt REPENT Patterns vi vt REPINE Patterns vi vi REPLEDGE Patterns vt S/(with S) (to S)/(for S) S/(for S)/(wlth S) of S S atS for S (S)/(to inf) B-32 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REPLETE Patterns ajP REPLY Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 1 1.2 REPOLISH Patterns vt REPORT Meanings (verbal only) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patterns 1,3,8 7 2 4 5 6 to notify authorities to tell about, often formally to complain about to an authority to present oneself to work as a reporter to submit a formal report to tell a fact to carry a message or repeat something vt vt vi vi vi vi S/(to S) that + cl on S (to S)/(for S)/(at S) for S DT S/(to S)/(with S) to respond in speech or writing to respond in action (with S) vi vt vi to S that + cl (to S)/(with S) B-33 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A O t O U P M I S S I L E S Of ft S P A C E A K C H A f l C O M P A N Y COKPOKATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti REPOSE Meanings (verbal only) to lay or put to rest 1 2 to rest from work, travel exercise, etc. 3 to rest in a grave 4 to depend upon 5 to lie quiet 6 to lie on, be supported 7 to place in the control of 8 to place Pattern^ 1 1 2 2 2 vt vt vl vi vl vi vi vi vt PX/on S PX/in S DT for NT until S (inS) at S onS S/inS Repose your hope in God Parliament reposes their fate in the courts The land reposes in the dark Our fate reposes in our own hands 3,4,5 3 6 7,8 REPOSSESS Meanings (1) (2) Patterns 1 2 vt vt S NM/of S to take possession again to put in possession again REPOUR - see POUR REPREHEND Patterns vt S/(for S) B-34 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1,7 2,7 3 3 4,6 5 1,7 3 vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt S/(with S) S/(to S) S/(in S) S/(to S) S S/as S or PS or PR S/(by S) S/(before S) to to to to to to to be a sign for correspond to be an agent for serve as a specimen set forth as present a likeness clarify to the mind by description or act of imagination REPRESENTATIVE Meanings (noun only) (1) an example of a class or kind (2) a person authorized to speak or act for others (3) a member of the lower house of Congress or State legislature Patterns 1 2 3 REPRIEVE Patterns nt n REPRIMAND Patterns vt vip n S/(for S or PR) (byS) (from S)/(for S) B-35 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OP L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION n n n of S (in or to or before S) from S S/(from S) (from S) LMSC-D246461 Parti REPRISAL Patterns (for S) REPROACH Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Patterns 1 2 3 4 4 5 vt vt n n n n S/(for S) NM to S (to S) (upon S) (to S)/(for S) to rebuke to bring shame, as this crime will reproach him a source or cause of shame shame or disgrace incurred a rebuke or expression thereof REPROCESS - see PROCESS REPROOF Patterns (to S)/(for S) REPROVE Patterns vt REPUGNANT Patterns ajp aj toS -S S/(for S) REPURCHASE - see PURCHASE B-36 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REPUTATION Patterns n n REQUEST Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 Patterns 1 2 3 4 5 REQUISITE Patterns aj ajp REQUISITION Patterns n vt REQUITAL Patterns n n n (in) (of or for S) (for S)/(from S) (of S)/(from S) (for S) S/(for S) S (for S) n n n vt n (to S)/(for S) (for S) in S/(from S)/(for S) by_ a petition, asking for that which is asked for the state of being asked foi to ask for in response to an asking (for S) (ofS) B-37 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G I O U P M I S S I L E S Of & S P A C E A I « C « * » T C O M P A N Y C O I I O I A I I O H D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSOD246461 Parti REQUITE Patterns vt REROUTE Patterns^ vt vt RESCUE Patterns S/ through S S/(from S)/(to S) S/(for S)/(wlth S) vt RESEARCH Meanings (noun only) (1) (2) S/ from S searching for or after something investigation, study Patterns 1 1 2 2 n n n n after S for S inS into S RESEMBLENCE Patterns n RESENTMENT Patterns n n n (toward S)/(for S) (at S)/(for S) (against S)/(for S) to S B-38 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RESERVATION Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 2 2 1,3 3,4 RESERVE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Patterns 1,3 1,3 1 2 4,7,8 5 6 8 8,9 10 11 to keep back, store to set aside for someone to retain for oneself something kept back or stored a self restraint, avoidance of intimacy, reticence restraint in artistic expression men in armed forces not on active duty assets easily converted to cash land set aside for special purpose reserved for later use subject to no limitation vt vt vt vt n n n n n n n S/(to-inf) S/(for S) S/(until S) S/(for S)/(on, at, or in S) (of S) (toward or with S) (in S) (to-inf) (for S) in without a witholding of a right or interest a limiting condition or qualification public land set aside for special use a prearrangement to buy a ticket, rent a room, etc. which is then set aside n n n n about S onS of S for S B-39 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A O l O U f D I V I S I O N Of IOCKHEED S P A C E *IIC«AM C O M P A N Y CO • P O • ATI OH LMSC-D246461 Parti RESERVED Meanings (1) (2) Patterns 1 2 RESIDE Patterns vi RESIDENCE Meanings (1) (2) (3) kept in reserve reticent ajp ajp (for S) (towards or with or in S) inS the act of residing the living in a particular place for a specific purpose such as going to school a dwelling place (inS) in Patterns 1,3 2 RESIDENT Patterns ajp aj n RESIDUE Patterns n n from S after S (inS) S (of or in S) n n B-40 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RESIDUUM Patterns n n RESIGN Meanings (1) (2) (3) Patterns 1 2 3 vt vi vt S/(to S) (from S)/(as S) PX/to S to give up or relinquish to give up an office or position to accept passively from S after S RESIGNATION Meanings (1) (2) Patterns 1 1,2 RESIST Meanings (1) (2) (3) Patterns 1,2,3 vt or vi (S)/for S (S)/with S (S)/byS to withstand, stand firm against to actively oppose to keep from yield to n n (from S)/(to S) (to S) giving up of an office or position passive acceptance B-41 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C I O U F M I S S I L E S OF & S P A C E A I•C»A I I C O M P A N Y C O I P O t A T l O N D I V I S I O N I O C K H I E D LMSC-D246461 Parti RESISTANCE Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) Patterns 1.2 3 4 RESISTANT Patterns ajp RESISTIVE Patterns ajp RESOLUTION Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (?) Patterns 1 2,5,6 3,4 3 5 7 breaking into parts resolving, deciding resolute quality of mind formal statement of opinion and determination a solving of a puzzle, etc., solution medically, dissappearance of a symptom musically, passing of tone or chord to another tone or chord n n n n n n of S/into S and S (of S) (to - inf)(S) (in S) (for S) (of S)/to S to S toS n n n to S of S 0 resisting, opposing, withstanding capacity to resist or ward off, esp. disease ability to oppose passage of electric current an organization for resisting the current government or occupying power B-42 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RESOLVE Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Patterns 1 2 3 4,6 4,6 5,9 7 8 RESORT Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Patterns 1,2 3,4,5 6 RESOUND Meanings (1) (2) (3) of places: to ring or re-echo with sound of things: to produce an echoing sound of sounds: to echo or ring to go to a place of recreation (uncommon) to have recourse to place of recreation a place of customary gathering (uncommon) a person or thing one turns to for help, support, etc. a going or turning for help, support, etc. vi. n n to S (for S) to S/(for S) to break into parts to transform or be transformed to cause a person to decide to reach a decision to solve or explain to decide by vote medically, remission of symptoms musically, to cause or undergo resolution to make visible individual parts of an image vt or vi vt vt vt vt vt vi vi or vt (S)/into S(and S) PX/into S NM/to - inf (S) that+ cl to - inf (S) S/tby S) 0 (S)/to or into S B-43 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A O t O U f M I S S I L E S Or I S P A C E A t a c t A f T C O M P A N Y C O I I O I M I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHiCO Meanings (4) (5) (6) Patterns 1 2 3,4 5 6 RESPECT Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Patterns 1 2 3 4,6 5 7 8,9 9 10 to be celebrated to echo something back to extol or celebrate vi vi vi vt vt with S (for S)/(with S)/(through S) (through S)/(for S) S/(for S) S to feel or show honor for to show consideration for to relate to, concern a feeling of honor or esteem a state of being held in honor courteous regard regards; expressions of respect a particular point or detail reference or relation considering vt vt vt n n n n n n S/(for S) S/(in S) S for S (of S) _ s / to S in with /to S in that S or CL RESPECTFUL Patterns ajp towards or to or of S . B-44 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RESPITE Patterns n vt RESPOND Patterns vi RESPONSE Patterns^ (toS) RESPONSIBLE Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) Patterns 1 2 3,4 3,4 RESPONSIVE Meanings (1) (2) (3) Patterns 1,2 1,2,3 ajp aj to S S responding, answering reacting easily or readily containing or consisting of answers ajp ajp aj ajp (for S)/(to S) for S S 0 answerable, accountable cause or agent or source of something able to think & act rationally trustworthy, dependable (to S)/(with S) (from S) S/(from S) B-45 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S 4 A O I O U P D I V I S I O N OF I O C I H I I D S P A C E AIICIAII C O M P A N Y COiroiATION LMSC-D246461 Parti REST Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) Patterns 1,5,8 1,2,4,5 2,3 4 6 7 9 10 11,17,18 12,16 13,15 14 19,23 20,21,22 refreshment by sleep, etc. inactivity or period of inactivity relief from something repose of death absence of motion place of shelter supporting device interval of silence to get refreshment by sleeping, etc. to get refreshment by cessation of activity to leave without change to be supported to be imposed as a burden or responsibility to be or lie upon ( e . g . , the fault rests with you) to be directed or fixed upon (as eyes) to rely on to stay to lie fallow (as ground) to refresh something to place for ease or support to ground or use as basis to direct or fix upon (as 15 transitive) to end or stop (as the defense rests its case) n n n n n n vi vi vi vi vi vi 0 at (from S)/(for NT) in for S (for S) (for S) (from S)/(for NT) (for NT) in, on, upon S on, upon S withS S/(by, with S) S/on, upon S vt vt RESTATE Patterns vt S/(in S)/(for S) B-46 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti RESTFUL Patterns ajp RESTITUTION Meanings (1) (2) Patterns 1 2 RESTIVE Meanings (1) (2) Patterns 1,2 1 2 RESTLESS Meanings (1) (2) (3) Patterns 1,3 1 1,2 RESTORE Patterns vt S/(to S) R-47 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S 4 A 0 » O U P D I V I S I O N Or IOCKHH0 S P A C E AIICIAM C O M P A N Y COIfOIAIION (for NM)/ to inf restoration reimbursement or making good for damage n n (of S)/(to S) (to S)/(for S) balky, unruly or refractory nervous or restless ajp ajp ajp under S withNM withS uneasy, disturbed inclined to action discontented ajp ajp aj under S withS S LMSC-D246461 Parti RESTRAIN Patterns vt RESTRICT Patterns vt RESTUFF Patterns vt RESULT Meanings (1) (2) (3) (4) Patterns 1 2 3 4 RESUMMON Patterns vt RESUPPLY Patterns vt S/with S/(for S) S/(to S)/(for S) vi vi n n from S inS (of S) (for S) to be the effect or consequence of a cause to bring about some effect or consequence a consequence or effect of some action, process, etc. answer to a mathematical problem S/(with S) S/from S S/(from S)/(by or with S) B-48 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY RETAIL Meanings 1 2 .'{ 4 5 to sell directly to the consumer the sale of goods directly to the consumer pertaining to the sale of goods directly to the consumer to repeat as gossip to be sold at retail vt n aj vt vi S/(for S) at S NM/with S at or for S Patterns 1 2 3 4 5 RETALIATE Patterns vi vi vi vt RETALIATION Patterns n RETICENCE Patterns n RETICENT Patterns ajp RETIRE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 (for S) (with S) (byG) S/(upon S) (for S) (with NM)/(about S) (with NM)/(about S) to to to to to withdraw to privacy go to bed retreat withdraw from business or public life take or lead away B-49 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S ft A G » O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y COIPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 6 7 8 to take out of circulation, take up or pay off to remove from position or office in baseball, to put out Patterns 1,3 2 4 5 6 7 8 vi vi vi vt vt vt vt (from S)/(to S) (at NT) or (DT) (from S)/(at S)/(in S) S/(from S) S/(from S)/(in NT) NM/(DT) or (in NT) S/(with S) RETIREMENT Patterns n RETOOL Patterns vi (from S) vt RETORT Meanings 1 2 3 4 (for S) S/(for S) to turn back something upon the person from whom it came to answer or return in kind to make a sharp or witty reply in kind or in the same terms as the previous speaker a reply as in 3 vt vt vi vi vt n S/on or upon S S/(withS) (to S)/(with S) (to S)/(by S) that + cl (to S) Patterns 1 2 3 3 3 4 B-50 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RETREAT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1,2 3 4 4 5 6,7 7 a going back or giving ground before opposition a withdrawal to a safe or private place a safe or private place to withdraw to a period of contemplation an asylum to withdraw or give ground before opposition to slope backward n n n n n vi vi (from S)/(to S) (from S) (to-inf S) (for NT)/(at S) (for S) (from S)/(to S) (from S)AJDJ) RETRIBUTION Patterns n RETROACTIVE Patterns ajp aj RETROGRESS Patterns vi RETURN Meanings 1 2 3 4 to to to to go back to a former place, condition, subject of conversation etc. revert to a former owner reply or respond restore, replace, take or send back (to or toward S) (toS) S (for S) B-51 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G«OUf DIVISION or lOCKHeiO S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Patterns 1 1 2 3 4,8 5 6 6 7 9 10,17 11 12 13 14,15,16,17 18 REUNITE Patterns to give, send, or do in reciprocation to yield, produce to reelect to report or turn in a statement officially to render (verdict) a going back to a former place, condition etc. a restoration, repayment a reappearance or recurrence a profit a bend in line, wall, etc. a report, as election returns card play in response to another batting back a tennis ball or the ball so batted of or for or in return vi vi vi vi vt vt vt vt vt vt n n n n n aj (to S)/(from S) DJ to S/(on or upon S) (D) S/(toS) S/(with or by [S or G]) S/(on S) S/(per S) NM/(to S) S/(of S) (to S) (for S) (s)/of S (s)/onS (ofS) S vt or vi REVEAL Patterns vt n (S)/(with S) S/(to S) 0 B-52 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti REVEL Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1 2 3 4 REVENGE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 Patterns 1 1 2 3 4,5 4 4 REVENUE Patterns n (to S)/(from S) to be noisily festive to take pleasure boisterous feastivity, revelry to squander in boisterous festivity patterns vi vi n vt (in, at, after or other adverbial preposition S) in S as 1 S away to avenge oneself on a person for a wrong to exact retribution for any injury to avenge a person the act of harming in return for wrong suffered, or desire for it retaliation, as for defeat, or opportunity for it vt vt vt vt n n n PX/(on or upon S)/(for S) PX/(of S)/(for S) S/(on or upon S) NM/(for S) (on or upon S)/(for S) (of S) in of S REVERBERATE Meanings 1 2 3 4 to to to to cast back, reflect or deflect be sent back, reachoed or reflected force back upon something rebound B-53 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A GHOUP M I S S I I E S OF I S P A C E A I H C I A I ! C O M P A N Y C O M O I A I I O N D I V I S I O N l O C I H K O LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1 2 3 4 REVERENCE Patterns n vt REVERSION Patterns n REVERT Patterns vi REVEST Patterns vt vi REVOLT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns rebellion; insurrection a refusal to submit or accept some the state of a person revolting to r i s e against constituted authority to cast off allegiance to change allegiance to be disgusted or shocked S/inS inS toS (toS) • (for S)/(for or because of S) S/(for S) vt vi vi vi S from S on or upon S from or against S 1 2 3 n (against S) against S in /(against S) B-54 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 4 5 6 7 7 vi vi vi vi vip (against S) from S to S at o r against S by S REVOLUTION Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,3 2,4 4 4 5 6 REVOLVE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1 2,3 4,5 6 REVULSION Patterns n (of S)/(at or from or to S) vt vt vi vi S/in S S/(about o r around S) (about or around S) 0 to to to to to to consider, ponder over cause to t r a v e l in an orbit cause to r o t a t e about an axis t r a v e l in a c i r c l e rotate r e c u r in a cycle n n n n n n (of S)/(about o r around S) (of S) , s/DT s / p e r or every NT in S (of S)/(against S) movement in an orbit time for an orbit rotation on an axis one complete cycle of rotation or events a d r a s t i c change overthrow of government B-55 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I I E S & A G l O l I f D I V I S I O N OF l O O H f l t S P A C E AIICIAFI C O M P A N Y COIFOIAIION LMSC-D246461 Parti REWARD Patterns n vt RHAPSODIZE Patterns VI (to S)/(for S) S/(for S) vt RHYME Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 RICH Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1,2 3 1,2,4 ajp ajp aj n n (about S) S a poem or poetry in general like end sounds in words a word that corresponds with another in end sound to make a poem to form 2 words with corresponding end sounds to put something into rhyme form (bys) (with S) (for S) 0 S/with S S n n vi vt vt having wealth having natural resources well supplied of fine or valuable or luxurious or choice attributes in or with S S B-56 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti RICOCHET Patterns VI n RID Patterns vt vip n RIDDLE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,3 2 4 4 4 5 6 RIDE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (off or from S)/(to or toward S) (off or from S) S/of S of S get of S a puzzle, conundrum a purplexing person or thing a sieve to sift to puncture with holes to speak in riddles or make riddles n n vt vt vt vt vi 0 (to NM) S/(out) S/(through S) S/(from S) S/With S 0 to be carried somewhere in or on something to move directly along or over a fixed support (trains ride on rails) to move or float in some medium like air or water to function for riding (this car rides well) to move out of place to allow to continue to sit on and control so as to move to be carried or supported on (ship rides the waves) to do by riding (he rode a race) B-57 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S 4 A G I O I I ' D I V I S I O N Or LOCKHEED S P A C E AIICIAFT C O M P A N Y COIIOIAIIOM LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Patterns 1 1,2,17 to oppress (usually passive) to overtake by riding to knock down by riding against to exhaust a horse by riding too long to withstand successfully to know how to manage a horse a journey or drive to overlap vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi or vt 1,3 4,6,15 5 6,7 6,7 7 7,10 8,9 11,12,13 14 16 6 7 RIFE Patterns vip vt vt vt n vi vt (in or on or upon S)/(to or any adverb-prep S) along or over or on S over or through S D up until S while + cl (S)/(to or any adverb-prep S) by S S/(with S) /down S /out S (to or any adverb-prep S) for NT S aj RIFT Patterns n vi or vt RIG Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 (with S) (inS) (S)/(with S) to fit a ship with sails etc. to fit a ships sails to the masts etc. to assemble an aircraft to equip to prepare for use in a makeshift or hurried passion B-58 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Patterns 1 2,3,6 4 5 7 8-12 RIGHT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 to arrange in a dishonest way to dress the arrangement of sails, masts etc. on a ship any special-purpose gear equipment for drilling oil a carriage and horses an odd or showy attire vt vt vt vt vt n /(out or up) S S S/up or out /(with S) /(up) S NM or PX/out or up/(in S) 0 straight perpendicular face or upper surface sound, normal right hand side correct by some standard a claim or privilege correctness or justice true account or interpretation right hand side or turn politically conservative or politically conservative position having a good relationship with a privilege to buy a stock directly thoroughly exactly to the right hand in a fitting manner correctly to correct or do justive to bring back to vertical to recover balance to justify to get into a vertical position to put in order B-59 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A C l O U r M I S S I L E S OF t S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED Meanings 26 27 28 29 Patterns 1-6 aj 4,6 ajp 6 ajp 6 ajp 6 ajp 7 n n 7,13 7 n n 7,9 8 n 8 n 4,8 n 10,11 n 10,11 n 0,11,13 n 12 n 12 n 14 av 14 av 14,16 av 14 av 14,16 av 14 av 14,16 av 14,16 av av 14,16 15 av 16 av 16 av 17 av 18,19 av 0-22,25 vt 23 vt 24 vi or vt 26 av 27 av 28 ajp 29 av S in S for S to-inf that + cl toS to-inf (S) by of S of S (in or on S) by (s) bring, put or s e t / t o to the on PSS 0 with S towards S DJ to or into or toward S under or on or next to S from or thru or over S out or outside or beyond S down S against S between or below or beneath S beside or alongside S through S here or there now or then (at S) 0 S PX/(at or with S) (PX) to get it to make it all to be back to to to to understand (idiom) square things i . e . , make more just (idiom) be OK (idiom) return immediately (idiom) B-60 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY RIGID Patterns aj ajp ajp RIM Patterns vt vip n S/(with S) with S (ofS) S with S at S RING Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 to give off a clear resonant sound to produce a specified impression on a hearer to cause a bell to (1) to summon with a bell to be full of sound to have a sensation of ringing (ears or head) to announce or proclaim to test by sound to call by telephone the sound of a bell or any similar sound a band for finger a circular band for other uses a circle the rim of something tree "rings" things grouped together in a circle a group of conspirators an enclosed area for contests or exhibitions boxing a contest, especially political to surround with or in a ring, encircle to put a ring in the nose of an animal to cut a circle of tree bark to form in ring to move in circles, expecially falcons to linger in or haunt the ears, heart, etc. B-61 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S 4 A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OP L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSOD246461 Part I Patterns vi 1 2 vi 3 vi o r vt 4 vi 4 vi 5 vi vi 6 7 vi 7 vt 8 vt vt 9 10-17 n 11,12,18 n 14 n 20 n 21 vt 21 vt 22,23 vt vi 24 25 vi 26 vi RINGER Meanings 1 2 3 Patterns 3 RINSE Patterns vt vt vt RIOT Meanings 1 2 wild or violent disorder wild public disturbance by a group S/inS S/with S /out S/(in or with S) n for S onei who rings o r e n c i r c l e s a dishonest entry in compet a p e r s o n or thing that r e s e r (out) A (S) for S to S with o r of S e a r s o r head in o r out S S S/(on or upon S) / u p S/(on S) (ofS) (for S) (around S) in S/with o r in S / i n S/(by o r with S} S around S (into S) in S B-62 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Patterns 1 2 3,4 5 6 7 8 9 n n n n vi vi vi (in or at S) /DT\/ (in or at S)/i or J/(over S) /\NT// of S 0 ^DT\/ (in or at S ) / l o r l/(over S) (in or at S ) / l o r j in S /out or away S unrestrained outburst brilliant display debauchery to take part in (2) to take part in (5) to enjoy or indulge without restraint to waste away something in riotous living vt RIP Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1,3 6 4 4 5 to cut or tear apart or open to remove by pulling vigorously to split wood along the grain a torn place the act of tearing apart rough water caused by cross currents vt vip vt vt vt vt vt vt n or aj n n n /up S asunder or open /off S /out S S/from S S/out of S /away S S 0 in S down S 0 B-63 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A O l O U f M I S S I I C S OF ft S P A C E A I « C I A » t C O M P A N Y C O I P O I A T I O N D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti RIPE Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1,2,3 1,2,3 4 RIPEN Patterns vi vi vi vt vt RIPPLE Patterns n vi vt RISE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 fully developed and ready for use (food) advanced or highly developed ruddy and full ready to do, receive or undergo something aj ajp ajp (with S) for S towards S into S inS S/(for S) S/(into S) (down or in or on or along or over S) (down or in or on or over or along S) S/(with S) to get up to rebel to adjourn to ascend to extend up to go up in pitch to increase in amount or size to appear, originate, have a source to cause to rise,, mostly in sense 8 appearance above the horizon ascent hill or upward slope B-64 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 13 14 15 16 Patterns 1 1 2 3 4,7,8,16 4,5,16 4,5 4 5 6,7 8 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 RIVAL Patterns n n vt vt aj (for S) (inS) S/(in S) S/(for S) S vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi (up from S) (from S) against S for S (to S) (above S) (from S)/(to S) (into S) (beyond S) (NJ) or (DJ) (inS) (on S) up/(from S) S/(on S) 0 (toS) (in or on S) (inS) give to S i n c r e a s e in height to cause to appear to be capable of coping with to r i s e in r a n k vt n n n n n vi toS " RIVET Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 1 2,3 a bolt or pin to fasten with or as with rivets to fasten firmly to fix or engross the eyes, or mind, or attention n vt /(down)S(on S) B-65 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S * A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,3,4 4 ROAM Patterns vi vi vt ROAR Patterns vi vi vt ROAST Patterns vt vt vt vi n aj ROB Patterns vt ROBE Patterns vt or vi n (NM or PX)/with or in S 0 S/(of S) S/(in S) S/(over S) PX/(at or by S) (for) DT 0 S (with S) out /(out) S (from S)/(to S) DJ S/(for DT)/(for S) vt vt vt /(in) S /(together) S S/to S/(by S) S/into or in S S/onto or on or upon S S/to S u vt vt B-66 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti ROLL Meanings (verbal only) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Patterns 1 1 2.10 2 3.11 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 to move on an axis, to move on wheels, or be moved in a wheeled vehicle to pass or elapse to flow and swell to make a loud rising and falling sound to form into a ball or cylinder to turn or move in a circular motion to rock, as the ship rolled to flatten under a roller to advance, as now we're rolling to move in a circular motion to beat a drum to pronounce with a full or trilling sound to wrap to recur in a cycle to reduce to a previous level to arrive in great numbers to abound in to reduce to a smooth round form vi vt vi vt vi vi vi vt vt vt vi vt vi vi vi vi vi vi vt vt vt vt vt vt (about S) S/(about S) (along)/(in S)/(to, toward, down, along, into, through, part, by S) S/(in S)/(to, toward, down, along, into, through, past, by S) by or on against or along S 0 S/in or into S /up S S/(around)/(in S) 0 /out S/(with S) (along)/(with S) (down S) (along S) (through or between S) (into S) (by S) S/(down S) S/(along S) S/(through S) S/(by S) S/(into S) S/(to S) B-67 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S * A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OF L O C K H E E D S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 12,13 14 15 16 17 18 19 vt vt vi vt vi vi vt S S/inS (a)round (again) /back S in inS S/into S ROMP Patterns vi ROOF Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns 4 3 1,2 ROOM Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patterns 1,2 3,5 4 6 6 7 n n n vi vi vt for S 0 (in or at S) (with S)/(in or at S) together/(in or at S) S/(with S) space scope or opportunity interior space surrounded b living quarters people gathered in (3) to occupy (4) to provide with (4) (with S)/(in or at S) top of something top covering of a building house or home to provide with (2) vt n n S/(with S) over PSS head of S B-68 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY ROOT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Patterns 1-6 7, 8 7 7,10 7,8,12 9 11 ROPE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patterns ,3 1 4 5 6 7 8 5 n n vt vt vt vt vi n (of S) (for S) /(up) S K M together S / i n or off or out or round S 0 ? cord or specialized cord (lasso) death by hanging ropelike string of things to tie with a rope to tie together with a cord to lasso to mark off or enclose with a rope to become ropelike n n vt vi vip vt vt of S take /(in S) S/(in S) (in S) in o r on S / u p o r out o r away S through S underground p a r t or p a r t s of plant embedded p a r t of bodily s t r u c t u r e s o u r c e o r origin base core or essence b a s i c tone o r word p a r t to begin to grow by putting out roots to establish to r e m o v e completely dig or turn up with the snout to s e a r c h by rummaging to be based on B-69 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S A A OIOUP DIVISION Of IOCKHEIO S P A C E AltCIAM C O M P A N Y COtPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Parti ROT Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 Patterns 2 3 1 4,5 ROTATE Meanings 1 2 to decay to fall or pass off by decay to cause to decay by soaking decay diseases causing decay vi vt vi n away or off or out (/out or off) S/(in S) 0 (in S) to turn around or cause to turn around to go or cause to go in a recurring succession of changes Patterns vi 1 1 vt 2 vt or vi 2 vt or vi ROTATION Meanings 1 2 Patterns 1 2 2 ROUGH (around or about S) S/(around or about S) (S)/(from S)/(to S) (S)/(between S and S) rotating in sense (1) rotate rotating in sense (2) rotate n n n of S/(around or about S) of S/(from S)/(to S) of S/(between or among S) Meanings (limited to governing verbal and 1 adjectival sense) 1 2 to make rough (not smooth) to handle or treat roughly (violently) B-70 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 3 4 5 to fashion, shape, plan, cut, roughly (incompletely) to submit to hardship violent S/(with S) S/(by G) /upS /in or out S it (with S) Patterns 1 1 2 3 4 5 ROUND vt vt vt vt vt ajp Meanings (limited to a few governing senses) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patterns 1 2 3,4 5 6 7 8 ROUSE Meanings (verb only) 1 to cause game to rise from cover 2 to cause to awaken 3 to excite to action 4 to wake up 5 to become active to make or become rounded to collect to be circulated, as rumor to wall a regular course an arena to haul in (naut) to turn prow to wind (naut) to develop vt vt n n vt vt vi off or out S up S go the (s) in the /in S /toS into S B-71 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G I O U P D I V I S I O N OF l O C K H i f D S M C ! AIRC1AFT C O M P A N Y COIPOIATION LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,2 2 3 4,5 ROUTE Meanings 1 2 3 4 G Patterns 1 2,3 4,5 4,5 ROYALTY Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 1,2,3,4 5,6 5,6 vt vt vt vi S/(from S)/(with S) /(up or out) S S/(from S)/(to S) (from S)/(to S) a course traveled or to be traveled set of customers on a regular (1) business of dealing with (2) to send along a given course to fix the procedure for something n n vt vt (from S)/(to S) 0 S/(through S) S/(from S)/(to S) rank, status, or power or privilege of king royal person or persons kingdom kingliness a right or payment for a right share of proceeds from sales n n n (to S)/(for S) from S/(in the amount of S) RUB Meanings (verb only) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to to to to to move (something) over something else with pressure in circular or back and forth motion to put into special condition by (1) as to rub dry cause to be sore by (1) to massage or polish be irritating force in by (1) remove by (1) B-72 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Patterns 1,4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1,3 vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vi vi S/(with S) S together S/NJ S /down S/(with S) S/the wrong way S/in or into S /off or out or away S against S on S RUDE Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterns 3 4 1-6 coarse or crude in form or workmanship ignorant or barbarous discourteous harsh unfinished sturdy and rugged ajp ajp aj to S with S S RULE (verbal and special only) Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Patterns 1 2,3 4,5,6 4 4 7 8 vip vt vt vi vt n vt by S S/(with S) S on S that + cl as a /out S to have influence over to restrain to govern to settle by decree to be the most important element of to mark lines with a ruler usually (fdiom) to exclude by decision B-73 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A G R O U P D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H I E 0 S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION LMSC-D246461 Parti RUMMAGE Meanings 1 2 3 4 Patterns n (from S) n (for S) vi through S/(for S) vt S/(for S) vt /out or up S/(from S) RUMOR or RUMOUR Patterns n n vt vt vip vip vip RUN Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 that + cl of S S/(about S) S/that + cl that + cl nominative cl to be S 1 1,2 3 3 4 odds and ends of things a search to search or ramsack to turn up by searching to go faster than a walk to move swiftly or sail to move or grow unchecked to flee to make a quick trip to take part in a contest or race to finish a race in a specified position to swim in migration to go on schedule to pass lightly and rapidly to be current (story runs) to climb to move or speak out of control to ravel to be operating to circulate or flow B-74 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 to melt and flow o r spread when moistened to be wet or covered with a flow to discharge a fluid to extend in time, continue, be prolonged to extend in space to proceed into a specified condition to be e x p r e s s e d to continue at specified s i z e , amount, e t c . to follow a specified c o u r s e to cover by running, grazing to p e r f o r m by (1) to be subjected to to escape by going thru to p u r s u e to enter something into competition to operate to bring to a specified condition to c a r r y illegally to t h r u s t into something to allow to accumulate to make move into a specified place to manage to execute the step of to t r a c e to publish to stop operating from lack of power to cause to (42) to drive against and knock down to speak disparagingly of to encounter by chance to deprive of self control to outdo all other contestants act, period or distance of (1) scheduled t r i p of train, bus, e t c . or r e g u l a r delivery o r s a l e s route a quick t r i p for a brief stay continuous direction, c r u i s e , duration s e r i e s of sudden urgent demands a sequence, as in c a r d s a s m a l l swift s t r e a m , a r u s h of water a period of operation of something or of liquid flow, or output of that period a c l a s s of something an enclosure thru which something e l s e moves freedom to move about migration of fish B-75 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A O l O U f D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H I I 0 S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION Meanings 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Patterns i 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6,16 6 7 8 9 10,16,21, 74 10,21 11,23 12 13 14,19 15,19 17 17,20,68 22 18 24 20 vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi vi (with S)/(to S) to S before S D (rampant)(in S) (riot)(over S) free from S (over or down or up)/(to S)/(for S) (over or down or up)/(to S)/to-inf in S for S 0 / ( i n S) D or DT/(in S)/(to S) between S and S through S along S that + cl over or up S on/(about S) 0 (D o r DJ or NJ)/(for NT) over S into S with S D or DJ/(NJ) DT or for NT a r a v e l in knitting airplane approach to a t a r g e t s c o r e s in some s p o r t s average powerful competition ultimately hurrying to collide with to print to come to an end to force to leave to use up a supply to r i d e or drive over to use up r e c k l e s s l y to r a i s e rapidly B-76 L O C K H E E D PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSOD246461 Parti Patterns 25 26,27,28 29,30 30 31 vt vt vi vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vt vi vt vt vt vt n S/(NJ) S 32,39 33,37,34, 35 34 after S S/(in S) S/(for NT) or (for S)/(NJ or DJ) S/into S S/out of S S/thruS S/against S /up S/(at S) S 34,35 35 36 38 39 40 40 41 42 30,43,44,45 46 47 48 S/(to-inf) S/back to S S/around S S/(on S)/(in S) down /down S into or across S/(at S) away with P away with S 0 49,55 62,63 50 50 51 53 n n n 52, 56, 57, n from S/to S between S and S up to S/(for S)/(to inf) of S on S inS 59, 60 54,61 64 65 66 67 69 70 71 72 73 75 58 n n n n n n vt vi vt vi vt vt n of the mill for your money in the long on the /off S out /out S out of S over S /upS (for S) B-77 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO 4 RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D A G I O U P M I S S I L E S OF 4 S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION D I V I S I O N LOCKHEED LMSC-D246461 Parti RUPTURE Patterns n RUSH Meanings 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Patterns 1 2 3,1 4 4 4 5 6,7 6,7 6,7,9 6,7,9 8 8 10,11 12 13 11 RUSTY Meanings 1 2 coated with rust not working well because of rust vi vi vi vt vt vt vt n n n n n n n vt n n ' (to S) upon or on S/(with S) intoS S/out(of) S S/through S S/into S S to S for S atS on or upon S (ofS) (toinf) S NM 0 in a to move or go swiftly to make a swift attack to dash rashly to send or drive swiftly to do or act with haste any' rushing an eager movement of many people haste, hurry, busyness a sudden swift attack necessitating hurry characterized by hurry to compete for a student for membership in a society grasslike plant (in or of S) B-78 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY LMSC-D246461 Parti Meanings 3 4 5 Patterns 1,2,4,5 1,3,5 2,3 2,3 2,3 3 ap ajp ajp ajp ajp ajp S 0 (from S) (with S) (through S) (in S) impaired by neglect or disuse having color of rust shabby, as with rust B-79 LOCKHEED PALO ALTO RESEARCH LABORATORY L O C K H E E D M I S S I L E S & A C R O U P D I V I S I O N OF I O C K H I E 0 S P A C E AIRCRAFT C O M P A N Y CORPORATION